montage creates a composite image by combining several separate
images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the
image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each
image specified on the command line, except for the last, is scaled to
fit the maximum tile size. The maximum tile size by default is 120x120.
It can be modified with the -geometry command line argument or X
resource. See
Options
for more information on command line arguments. See
X(1) for more information on X resources.
Note that the maximum tile size need not be a square.
Next the composite image is initialized with the color specified by the
-background
command line argument or X resource. The width and height of the composite
image is determined by the title specified, the maximum tile size, the
number of tiles per row, the tile border width and height, the image border
width, and the label height. The number of tiles per row specifies how
many images are to appear in each row of the composite image. The default
is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the composite.
A specific value is specified with -tile. The tile border width
and height, and the image border width defaults to the value of the X resource
-borderwidth. It can be changed with the -borderwidth or
-geometry command line argument or X resource. The label height
is determined by the font you specify with the -font command line
argument or X resource. If you do not specify a font, a font is chosen
that allows the name of the image to fit the maximum width of a tiled area.
The label colors is determined by the -background and -fill
command line argument or X resource. Note, that if the background and pen
colors are the same, labels will not appear.
Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if one is specified
(refer to -fill). Next, each image is set onto the composite image,
surrounded by its border color, with its name centered just below it. The
individual images are left-justified within the width of the tiled area.
The order of the images is the same as they appear on the command line
unless the images have a scene keyword. If a scene number is specified
in each image, then the images are tiled onto the composite in the order
of their scene number. Finally, the last argument on the command line is
the name assigned to the composite image. By default, the image is written
in the MIFF format and can be viewed or printed with
display(1).
Note, that if the number of tiles exceeds the default number of 20 (6 per
row, 4 per column), more than one composite image is created. To ensure
a single image is produced, use -tile to increase the number of
tiles to meet or exceed the number of input images.
Finally, to create one or more empty spaces in the sequence of tiles, use
the "NULL:" image format.
Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with
display
behaves differently than other images. You can think of the composite as
a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the composite and
press a button to display it. See display(1) and miff(5)
EXAMPLES
To create a montage of a cockatoo, a parrot, and a hummingbird and write
it to a file called birds, use:
To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256 pixels in width
and 192 pixels in height, surrounded by a red border, and separated by
10 pixels of background color, use:
montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red
birds.* montage.miff
To create an unlabeled parrot image, 640 by 480 pixels, and surrounded
by a border of black, use:
montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black
-label "" parrot.miff bird.miff
To create an image of an eagle with a textured background, use:
montage -texture bumps.jpg eagle.jpg eagle.png
To join several GIF images together without any extraneous graphics (e.g.
no label, no shadowing, no surrounding tile frame), use:
Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the group
of images following it, until the group is terminated by the appearance of
any option or -noop. For example, to make a montage of three images,
the first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors, and
the third with only 16 colors, use:
sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder.
-scenes <value-value>
range of image scene numbers to read
-shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
shadow the montage
-sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
sharpen the image
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
width and height of the image
-strip
strip the image of any profiles or comments
-stroke <color>
color to use when stroking a graphic primitive
-strokewidth <value>
set the stroke width
-swap <index,index>
swap two images in the image sequence
-texture <filename>
name of texture to tile onto the image background
-thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
create a thumbnail of the image
-tile <geometry>
layout of images [montage]
-title <string>
assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
-transparent <color>
make this color transparent within the image
-treedepth <value>
tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
-trim
trim an image
-type <type>
the image type
-verbose
print detailed information about the image
-version
print ImageMagick version string
-white-point <x>,<y>
chromaticity white point
For a more detailed description of each option, see
Options, above.
ImageMagick(1).
X RESOURCES
Montage options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
All montage options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,
montage
uses the following X resources:
background (class Background)
background color
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image background.
The default is #ccc.
borderColor (class BorderColor)
border color
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image border. The
default is #ccc.
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
border width
Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The default
is 2.
font (class Font)
font to use
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when displaying text within
the composite image. The default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8 determined by the
composite image size.
matteColor (class MatteColor)
color of the frame
Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight
and shadow colors derived from this color. The default value is #697B8F.
pen (class Pen)
text color
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the composite image.
The default is black.
title (class Title)
composite image title
This resource specifies the title to be placed at the top of the composite
image. The default is not to place a title at the top of the composite
image.
ENVIRONMENT
COLUMNS
Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen. Many
Unix systems keep this shell variable up to date, but it may need to be
explicitly exported in order for ImageMagick to see it.
DISPLAY
X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form
hostname:display.screen).
HOME
Location of user's home directory. ImageMagick searches for
configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory exists. See
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH, MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is needed.
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for image format coder modules.
This path allows the user to arbitrarily extend the image formats
supported by ImageMagick by adding loadable modules to an arbitrary
location rather than copying them into the ImageMagick installation
directory. The formatting of the search path is similar to operating
system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used
before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk) files.
The formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search
paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for
Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used before trying
the default search path.
MAGICK_DEBUG
Debug options (see -debug for details)
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for filter process modules
(invoked via -process). This path allows the user to arbitrarily
extend ImageMagick's image processing functionality by adding loadable
modules to an arbitrary location rather than copying them into the
ImageMagick installation directory. The formatting of the search path
is similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for
Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
specified search path is used before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_FONT_PATH
Directory where ImageMagick should look for TrueType and
Postscript Type1 font files if the font file is not found in the current
directory. It is preferred to define the available fonts via type.mgk
rather than use MAGICK_FONT_PATH.
MAGICK_HOME
Path to top of ImageMagick installation directory. Only observed
by "uninstalled" builds of ImageMagick which do not have their location
hard-coded or set by an installer.
MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT
Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel cache.
MAGICK_FILES_LIMIT
Maximum number of open files.
MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT
Maximum size of a memory map.
MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT
Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the heap.
MAGICK_TMPDIR
Path to directory where ImageMagick should write temporary
files. The default is to use the system default, or the location set by
TMPDIR.
TMPDIR
For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the
directory where all applications should write temporary files.
Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set.
TMP or TEMP
For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where applications
should write temporary files. Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it
is set.
CONFIGURATION FILES
ImageMagick uses a number of XML format configuration files:
The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
providing a computing environment that made this program possible.
Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions
and bug reports. Without Peder, this software would not be nearly
as useful as it is today.
Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.
Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
Paul Heckbert, Carnegie Mellon University. Image resizing is
based on his Zoom program.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The
spatial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.