insmod
installs a loadable module in the running kernel.
insmod
tries to link a module into the running kernel by resolving all symbols
from the kernel's exported symbol table.
If the module file name is given without directories or extension,
insmod
will search for the module in some common default directories.
The environment variable MODPATH can be used to override this default.
If a module configuration file such as /etc/modules.conf exists,
it will override the paths defined in MODPATH.
The environment variable MODULECONF can also be used to select a
different configuration file from the default /etc/modules.conf (or
/etc/conf.modules (deprecated)).
This environment variable will override all the definitions above.
OPTIONS
-epersist_name, --persist=persist_name
Specifies where any persistent data for the module is read from on load
and written to when this instantiantion of the module is unloaded.
This option is silently ignored if the module has no persistent data.
Persistent data is only read by insmod if this option is present, by
default insmod does not process persistent data.
As a shorthand form, -e "" (an empty string) is interpreted by
insmod as the value of persistdir as defined in
modules.conf, followed by the filename of the module relative to
the module search path it was found in, minus any trailing
".gz", ".o" or ".mod". If modules.conf specifies
"persistdir =" (i.e. persistdir is an empty field) then this
shorthand form is silently ignored. (See modules.conf (5).)
-f, --force
Attempt load the module even if the version of the running kernel and
the version of the kernel for which the module was compiled do not match.
This only overrides the kernel version check, it has no effect on
symbol name checks. If the symbol names in the module do not match the
kernel then there is no way to force insmod to load the module.
-h, --help
Display a summary of options and immediately exit.
-k, --autoclean
Set the auto-clean flag on the module. This flag will be used by
kerneld(8) to remove modules that have not been used in some
period of time - usually one minute.
-L, --lock
Use flock(2) to prevent simultaneous loads of the same module.
-m, --map
Output a load map on stdout, making it easier to debug the module in
the event of a kernel panic.
-n, --noload
Dummy run, do everything except load the module into the kernel. If
requested by an -m or -O,
the run will produce a map or blob file. Since the module is not
loaded, the real kernel load address is unknown so the map and blob
file are based on an arbitrary load address of 0x12340000.
-omodule_name, --name=module_name
Explicitly name the module, rather than deriving the name from the
base name of the source object file.
-Oblob_name, --blob=blob_name
Save the binary object in blob_name.
The result is a binary blob (no ELF headers) showing exactly what is
loaded into the kernel after section manipulation and relocation.
Option -m is recommended to get a map of the object.
-p, --probe
Probe the module to see if it could be successfully loaded. This
includes locating the object file in the module path, checking
version numbers, and resolving symbols. It does not check the
relocations nor does it produce a map or blob file.
-Pprefix, --prefix=prefix
This option can be used with versioned modules for an SMP or bigmem
kernel, since such modules have an extra prefix added in their symbol
names.
If the kernel was built with symbol versions then insmod
will automatically extract the prefix from the definition of
"get_module_symbol" or "inter_module_get", one of which must exist in
any kernel that supports modules. If the kernel has no symbol versions
but the module was built with symbol versions then the user must supply
-P.
-q, --quiet
Do not print a list of any unresolved symbols.
Do not complain about version mismatch.
The problem will only be reflected in the exit status of insmod.
-r, --root
Some users compile modules under a non-root userid then install the
modules as root. This process can leave the modules owned by the
non-root userid, even though the modules directory is owned by root.
If the non-root userid is compromised, an intruder can overwrite
existing modules owned by that userid and use this exposure to
bootstrap up to root access.
By default, modutils will reject attempts to use a module that is not
owned by root. Specifying -r will toggle the check and allow root to
load modules that are not owned by root. Note:
the default value for root check can be changed when modutils is
configured.
Use of -r to disable root checking or setting the default to
"no root check" at configuration time is a major security exposure
and is not recommended.
-s, --syslog
Output everything to syslog(3) instead of the terminal.
-S, --kallsyms
Force the loaded module to have kallsyms data, even if the kernel does
not support it. This option is for small systems where the kernel is
loaded without kallsyms data but selected modules need kallsyms for
debugging.
-v, --verbose
Be verbose.
-V, --version
Display the version of insmod.
-X, --export; -x, --noexport
Do and do not export all of the module's external symbols, respectively.
The default is for the symbols to be exported. This option is only
effective if the module does not explicitly export its own controlled
symbol table, and thus is deprecated.
-Y, --ksymoops; -y, --noksymoops
Do and do not add ksymoops symbols to ksyms. These symbols are used by
ksymoops to provide better debugging if there is an Oops in this
module. The default is for the ksymoops symbols to be defined. This
option is independent of the -X/-x options.
ksymoops symbols add approximately 260 bytes per loaded module. Unless
you are really short on kernel space and are trying to reduce ksyms to
its minimum size, take the default and get more accurate Oops
debugging. ksymoops symbols are required to save persistent module
data.
MODULE PARAMETERS
Some modules accept load-time parameters to customize their operation.
These parameters are often I/O port and IRQ numbers that vary from
machine to machine and cannot be determined from the hardware.
In modules built for 2.0 series kernels, any integer or character pointer
symbol may be treated as a parameter and modified. Beginning in the
2.1 series kernels, symbols are explicitly marked as parameters so that
only specific values may be changed. Furthermore type information is
provided for checking the values provided at load time.
In the case of integers, all values may be in decimal, octal or
hexadecimal a la C: 17, 021 or 0x11. Array elements are specified
sequence separated by commas. Elements can be skipped by omitting
the value.
In 2.0 series modules, values that do not begin with a number are
considered strings. Beginning in 2.1, the parameter's type information
indicates whether to interpret the value as a string. If the value
begins with double-quotes
("),
the string is interpreted as
in C, escape sequences and all. Do note that from the shell prompt,
the quotes themselves may need to be protected from shell interpretation.
GPL LICENSED MODULES AND SYMBOLS
Starting with kernel 2.4.10, modules should have a license string,
defined using MODULE_LICENSE(). Several strings are recognised as
being GPL compatible; any other license string or no license at all
means that the module is treated as proprietary. See
include/linux/module.h for a list of GPL compatible license strings.
If the kernel supports the /proc/sys/kernel/tainted flag then
insmod will OR the tainted flag with '1' when loading a module without
a GPL license. A warning is issued if the kernel supports tainting and a
module is loaded without a license. A warning is always issued for
modules which have a MODULE_LICENSE() that is not GPL compatible, even
on older kernels that do not support tainting. This minimizes warnings
when a new modutils is used on older kernels.
insmod -f (force) mode will OR the tainted flag with '2' on kernels
that support tainting. It always issues a warning.
Some kernel developers require that symbols exported by their code must
only be used by modules with a GPL compatible license. These symbols
are exported by EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL instead of the normal
EXPORT_SYMBOL. GPL-only symbols exported by the kernel and by other
modules are only visible to modules with a GPL-compatible license, these
symbols appear in /proc/ksyms with a prefix of 'GPLONLY_'.
insmod ignores the GPLONLY_ prefix on symbols while loading a
GPL licensed module so the module just refers to the normal symbol name,
without the prefix. GPL only symbols are not made available to modules
without a GPL compatible license, this includes modules with no license
at all.
KSYMOOPS ASSISTANCE
To assist with debugging of kernel Oops when using modules, insmod
defaults to adding some symbols to ksyms, see the -Y option.
These symbols start with __insmod_modulename_. The
modulename is required to make the symbols unique. It is legal to
load the same object more than once under different module names.
Currently defined symbols are:
__insmod_modulename_Oobjectfile_Mmtime_Vversion
objectfile is the name of the file that the object was loaded
from. This ensures that ksymoops can match the code to the correct
object. mtime is the last modified timestamp on that file in
hex, zero if stat failed. version is the kernel version that
the module was compiled for, -1 if no version is available. The
_O symbol has the same start address as the module header.
__insmod_modulename_Ssectionname_Llength
This symbol appears at the start of selected ELF sections,
currently .text, .rodata, .data and .bss. It only appears if the
section has a non-zero size. sectionname is the name of the ELF
section, length is the length of the section in decimal. These
symbols help ksymoops map addresses to sections when no symbols are
available.
__insmod_modulename_Ppersistent_filename
Only created by insmod if the module has one or more parameters that
are marked as persistent data and a filename to save persistent data
(see -e, above) is available.
The other problem with debugging kernel Oops in modules is that the
contents of /proc/ksyms and /proc/modules can change between the
Oops and when you process the log file. To help overcome this problem, if
the directory /var/log/ksymoops exists then insmod and rmmod
will automatically copy /proc/ksyms and /proc/modules to
/var/log/ksymoops with a prefix of `date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`.
The system administrator can tell ksymoops which snapshot files to use
when debugging an Oops. There is no switch to disable this automatic
copy. If you do not want it to occur, do not create /var/log/ksymoops.
If that directory exists, it should be owned by root and be mode 644 or
600 and you should run this script every day or so. The script below
is installed as insmod_ksymoops_clean.
#!/bin/sh
# Delete saved ksyms and modules not accessed in 2 days
if [ -d /var/log/ksymoops ]
then
set -e
# Make sure there is always at least one version
d=`date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`
cp -a /proc/ksyms /var/log/ksymoops/${d}.ksyms
cp -a /proc/modules /var/log/ksymoops/${d}.modules
find /var/log/ksymoops -type f -atime +2 -exec rm {} \;
fi
insmod [-V | --version] should display version
information and then exit immediately. Instead, it prints the version
information and behaves as if no options were given.
HISTORY
Module support was first conceived by Anonymous
Initial Linux version by Bas Laarhoven <bas@vimec.nl>
Version 0.99.14 by Jon Tombs <jon@gtex02.us.es>
Extended by Bjorn Ekwall <bj0rn@blox.se>
Original ELF help from Eric Youngdale <eric@aib.com>
Rewritten for 2.1.17 by Richard Henderson <rth@tamu.edu>
Extended by Bjorn Ekwall <bj0rn@blox.se> for modutils-2.2.*, March 1999
Assistance for ksymoops by Keith Owens <kaos@ocs.com.au>, May 1999
Maintainer: Keith Owens <kaos@ocs.com.au>.