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Manpage of SSLeay

SSLeay

Section: User Contributed Perl Documentation (3)
Updated: 2001-07-28
Index
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NAME

Net::SSLeay - Perl extension for using OpenSSL or SSLeay

SYNOPSIS

  use Net::SSLeay, qw(get_https post_https sslcat make_headers make_form);

  ($page) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');                 # 1

  ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
         = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/',                   # 2
                make_headers(User-Agent => 'Cryptozilla/5.0b1',
                             Referer    => 'https://www.bacus.pt'
                ));

  ($page, $result, %headers) =                                   # 2b
         = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
              make_headers(Authorization =>
                           'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass"))
              );

  ($page, $result, %headers) =                                   # 2c
         = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
              make_headers(Authorization =>
                           'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass")),
              '', $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8);

  ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
         = post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', '',       # 3
                make_form(OK   => '1',
                          name => 'Sampo'
                ));

  ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
         = post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi',           # 3b
              make_headers('Authorization' =>
                           'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass")),
              make_form(OK   => '1', name => 'Sampo'),
              $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8);

  $reply = sslcat($host, $port, $request);                       # 4

  $Net::SSLeay::trace = 2;  # 0=no debugging, 1=ciphers, 2=trace, 3=dump data

DESCRIPTION

There is a related module called Net::SSLeay::Handle included in this distribution that you might want to use instead. It has its own pod documentation.

This module offers some high level convinience functions for accessing web pages on SSL servers, a sslcat() function for writing your own clients, and finally access to the SSL api of SSLeay package so you can write servers or clients for more complicated applications.

For high level functions it is most convinient to import them to your main namespace as indicated in the synopsis.

Case 1 demonstrates typical invocation of get_https() to fetch an HTML page from secure server. The first argument provides host name or ip in dotted decimal notation of the remote server to contact. Second argument is the TCP port at the remote end (your own port is picked arbitrarily from high numbered ports as usual for TCP). The third argument is the URL of the page without the host name part. If in doubt consult HTTP specifications at <http://www.w3c.org>

Case 2 demonstrates full fledged use of get_https(). As can be seen, get_https() parses the response and response headers and returns them as a list, which can be captured in a hash for later reference. Also a fourth argument to get_https() is used to insert some additional headers in the request. make_headers() is a function that will convert a list or hash to such headers. By default get_https() supplies Host (make virtual hosting easy) and Accept (reportedly needed by IIS) headers.

Case 2b demonstrates how to get password protected page. Refer to HTTP protocol specifications for further details (e.g. RFC2617).

Case 2c demonstrates getting password protected page that also requires client certificate.

Case 3 invokes post_https() to submit a HTML/CGI form to secure server. First four arguments are equal to get_https() (note that empty string ('') is passed as header argument). The fifth argument is the contents of the form formatted according to CGI specification. In this case the helper function make_https() is used to do the formatting, but you could pass any string. The post_https() automatically adds Content-Type and Content-Length headers to the request.

Case 3b is full blown post to secure server that requires both password authentication and client certificate, just like in case 2c.

Case 4 shows the fundamental sslcat() function (inspired in spirit by netcat utility :-). Its your swiss army knife that allows you to easily contact servers, send some data, and then get the response. You are responsible for formatting the data and parsing the response - sslcat() is just a transport.

The $trace global variable can be used to control the verbosity of high level functions. Level 0 guarantees silence, level 1 (the default) only emits error messages.

Convenience routines

To be used with Low level API

    Net::SSLeay::randomize($rn_seed_file,$additional_seed);
    Net::SSLeay::set_cert_and_key($ctx, $cert_path, $key_path);
    $cert = Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl);
    Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure";
    $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure";

    $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_CRLF($ssl [, $max_length]);
    $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_until($ssl [, $delimit [, $max_length]]);
    Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_CRLF($ssl, $message);

randomize() seeds the eay PRNG with /dev/urandom (see top of SSLeay.pm for how to change or configure this) and optionally with user provided data. It is very important to properly seed your random numbers, so do not forget to call this. The high level API functions automatically call randomize() so it is not needed with them. See also caveats.

set_cert_and_key() takes two file names as arguments and sets the certificate and private key to those. This can be used to set either cerver certificates or client certificates.

dump_peer_certificate() allows you to get plaintext description of the certificate the peer (usually server) presented to us.

ssl_read_all() and ssl_write_all() provide true blocking semantics for these operations (see limitation, below, for explanation). These are much preferred to the low level API equivalents (which implement BSD blocking semantics). The message argument to ssl_write_all() can be reference. This is helpful to avoid unnecessary copy when writing something big, e.g:

    $data = 'A' x 1000000000;
    Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, \$data) or die "ssl write failed";

ssl_read_CRLF() uses ssl_read_all() to read in a line terminated with a carriage return followed by a linefeed (CRLF). The CRLF is included in the returned scalar.

ssl_read_until() uses ssl_read_all() to read from the SSL input stream until it encounters a programmer specified delimiter. If the delimiter is undefined, $/ is used. If $/ is undefined, \n is used. One can optionally set a maximum length of bytes to read from the SSL input stream.

ssl_write_CRLF() writes $message and appends CRLF to the SSL output stream.

Low level API

In addition to the high level functions outlined above, this module contains straight forward access to SSL part of OpenSSL C api. Only the SSL subpart of OpenSSL is implemented (if anyone wants to implement other parts, feel free to submit patches).

See ssl.h header from OpenSSL C distribution for list of low lever SSLeay functions to call (to check if some function has been implemented see directly in SSLeay.xs). The module strips SSLeay names of the initial ``SSL_'', generally you should use Net::SSLeay:: in place. For example:

In C:

        #include <ssl.h>

        err = SSL_set_verify (ssl, SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE,
                                   &your_call_back_here);

In perl:

        use Net::SSLeay;

        $err = Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl,
                                        &Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE,
                                        \&your_call_back_here);

If the function does not start by SSL_ you should use the full function name, e.g.:

        $err = &Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error;

Following new functions behave in perlish way:

        $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);
                                    # Performs SSL_read, but returns $got
                                    # resized according to data received.
                                    # Returns undef on failure.

        Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $foo) || die;
                                    # Performs SSL_write, but automatically
                                    # figures out the size of $foo

In order to use the low level API you should start your programs with the following encantation:

        use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
        Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
        Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();   # Important!
        Net::SSLeay::randomize();

die_now() and die_if_ssl_error() are used to conveniently print SSLeay error stack when something goes wrong, thusly:

        Net::SSLeay:connect($ssl) or die_now("Failed SSL connect ($!)");
        Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, "foo") or die_if_ssl_error("SSL write ($!)");

You can also use Net::SSLeay::print_errs() to dump the error stack without exiting the program. As can be seen, your code becomes much more readable if you import the error reporting functions to your main name space.

I can not emphasize enough the need to check error returns. Use these functions even in most simple programs, they will reduce debugging time greatly. Do not ask questions in mailing list without having first sprinkled these in your code.

Sockets

Perl uses file handles for all I/O. While SSLeay has quite flexible BIO mechanism and perl has evolved PerlIO mechanism, this module still sticks to using file descriptors. Thus to attach SSLeay to socket you should use fileno() to extract the underlying file descriptor:

    Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S));   # Must use fileno

You should also use ``$|=1;'' to eliminate STDIO buffering so you do not get confused if you use perl I/O functions to manipulate your socket handle.

If you need to select(2) on the socket, go right ahead, but be warned that SSLeay does some internal buffering so SSL_read does not always return data even if socket selected for reading (just keep on selecting and trying to read). Net::SSLeay.pm is no different from the C language OpenSSL in this respect.

Callbacks

WARNING: as of 1.04 the callbacks have changed and have not been tested.

At this moment the implementation of verify_callback is crippeled in the sense that at any given time there can be only one call back which is shared by all SSL contexts, sessions and connections. This is due to having to keep the reference to the perl call back in a static variable so that the callback C glue can find it. To remove this restriction would require either a more complex data structure (like a hash?) in XSUB to map the call backs to their owners or, cleaner, adding a context pointer in the SSL structure. This context would then be passed to the C callback, which in our case would be the glue to look up the proper Perl function from the context and call it.

---- inaccurate ---- The verify call back looks like this in C:

        int (*callback)(int ok,X509 *subj_cert,X509 *issuer_cert,
                        int depth,int errorcode,char *arg,STACK *cert_chain)

The corresponding Perl function should be something like this:

        sub verify {
            my ($ok, $subj_cert, $issuer_cert, $depth, $errorcode,
                $arg, $chain) = @_;
            print "Verifying certificate...\n";
                ...
            return $ok;
        }

It is used like this:

        Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl, Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER, \&verify);

No other callbacks are implemented. You do not need to use any callback for simple (i.e. normal) cases where the SSLeay built-in verify mechanism satisfies your needs. ---- end inaccurate ----

If you want to use callback stuff, see examples/callback.pl! Its the only one I am able to make work reliably.

X509 and RAND stuff

This module largely lacks interface to the X509 and RAND routines, but as I was lazy and needed them, the following kludges are implemented:

    $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($x509_cert);
    $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($x509_cert);
    print Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline($x509_name);
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_seed($buf);   # Perlishly figures out buf size
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_cleanup();
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_load_file($file_name, $how_many_bytes);
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_write_file($file_name);
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_egd($path);

Actually you should consider using the following helper functions:

    print Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl);
    Net::SSLeay::randomize();

EXAMPLES

One very good example is to look at the implementation of sslcat() in the SSLeay.pm file.

Following is a simple SSLeay client (with too little error checking :-(

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl
    use Socket;
    use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error) ;
    Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
    Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
    Net::SSLeay::randomize();

    ($dest_serv, $port, $msg) = @ARGV;      # Read command line
    $port = getservbyname ($port, 'tcp') unless $port =~ /^\d+$/;
    $dest_ip = gethostbyname ($dest_serv);
    $dest_serv_params  = sockaddr_in($port, $dest_ip);

    socket  (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0)  or die "socket: $!";
    connect (S, $dest_serv_params)          or die "connect: $!";
    select  (S); $| = 1; select (STDOUT);   # Eliminate STDIO buffering

    # The network connection is now open, lets fire up SSL

    $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new() or die_now("Failed to create SSL_CTX $!");
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
         and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");
    $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx) or die_now("Failed to create SSL $!");
    Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S));   # Must use fileno
    $res = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl connect");
    print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

    # Exchange data

    $res = Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $msg);  # Perl knows how long $msg is
    die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");
    shutdown S, 1;  # Half close --> No more output, sends EOF to server
    $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);         # Perl returns undef on failure
    die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
    print $got;

    Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);               # Tear down connection
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx);
    close S;

Following is a simple SSLeay echo server (non forking):

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
    use Socket;
    use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
    Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
    Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
    Net::SSLeay::randomize();

    $our_ip = "\0\0\0\0"; # Bind to all interfaces
    $port = 1235;                                                        
    $sockaddr_template = 'S n a4 x8';
    $our_serv_params = pack ($sockaddr_template, &AF_INET, $port, $our_ip);

    socket (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0)  or die "socket: $!";
    bind (S, $our_serv_params)             or die "bind:   $!";
    listen (S, 5)                          or die "listen: $!";
    $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new ()         or die_now("CTX_new ($ctx): $!");
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
         and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");

    # Following will ask password unless private key is not encrypted
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ctx, 'plain-rsa.pem',
                                             &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
    die_if_ssl_error("private key");
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate_file ($ctx, 'plain-cert.pem',
                                           &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
    die_if_ssl_error("certificate");

    while (1) {    
        print "Accepting connections...\n";
        ($addr = accept (NS, S))           or die "accept: $!";
        select (NS); $| = 1; select (STDOUT);  # Piping hot!

        ($af,$client_port,$client_ip) = unpack($sockaddr_template,$addr);
        @inetaddr = unpack('C4',$client_ip);
        print "$af connection from " .
            join ('.', @inetaddr) . ":$client_port\n";

        # We now have a network connection, lets fire up SSLeay...

        $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx)      or die_now("SSL_new ($ssl): $!");
        Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(NS));

        $err = Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error('ssl accept');
        print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

        # Connected. Exchange some data.

        $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);     # Returns undef on fail
        die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
        print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n";

        Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc ($got)) or die "write: $!";
        die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");

        Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);           # Tear down connection
        close NS;
    }

Yet another echo server. This one runs from /etc/inetd.conf so it avoids all the socket code overhead. Only caveat is opening rsa key file - it had better be without any encryption or else it will not know where to ask for the password. Note how STDIN and STDOUT are wired to SSL.

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl
    # /etc/inetd.conf
    #    ssltst stream tcp nowait root /path/to/server.pl server.pl
    # /etc/services
    #    ssltst         1234/tcp

    use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
    Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
    Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
    Net::SSLeay::randomize();

    chdir '/key/dir' or die "chdir: $!";
    $| = 1;  # Piping hot!
    open LOG, ">>/dev/console" or die "Can't open log file $!";
    select LOG; print "server.pl started\n";

    $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new()     or die_now "CTX_new ($ctx) ($!)";
    $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx)     or die_now "new ($ssl) ($!)";
    Net::SSLeay::set_options($ssl, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
         and die_if_ssl_error("ssl set options");

    # We get already open network connection from inetd, now we just
    # need to attach SSLeay to STDIN and STDOUT
    Net::SSLeay::set_rfd($ssl, fileno(STDIN));
    Net::SSLeay::set_wfd($ssl, fileno(STDOUT));

    Net::SSLeay::use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ssl, 'plain-rsa.pem',
                                         &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
    die_if_ssl_error("private key");
    Net::SSLeay::use_certificate_file ($ssl, 'plain-cert.pem',
                                       &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
    die_if_ssl_error("certificate");

    Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_err("ssl accept: $!");
    print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

    $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);
    die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
    print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n";

    Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc($got)) or die "write: $!";
    die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");

    Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);         # Tear down the connection
    Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx);
    close LOG;

There are also a number of example/test programs in the examples directory:

    sslecho.pl   -  A simple server, not unlike the one above
    minicli.pl   -  Implements a client using low level SSLeay routines
    sslcat.pl    -  Demonstrates using high level sslcat utility function
    get_page.pl  -  Is a utility for getting html pages from secure servers
    callback.pl  -  Demonstrates certificate verification and callback usage
    stdio_bulk.pl       - Does SSL over Unix pipes
    ssl-inetd-serv.pl   - SSL server that can be invoked from inetd.conf
    httpd-proxy-snif.pl - Utility that allows you to see how a browser
                          sends https request to given server and what reply
                          it gets back (very educative :-)
    makecert.pl  -  Creates a self signed cert (does not use this module)

LIMITATIONS

Net::SSLeay::read uses internal buffer of 32KB, thus no single read will return more. In practice one read returns much less, usually as much as fits in one network packet. To work around this, you should use a loop like this:

    $reply = '';
    while ($got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl)) {
        last if print_errs('SSL_read');
        $reply .= $got;
    }

Although there is no built-in limit in Net::SSLeay::write, the network packet size limitation applies here as well, thus use:

    $written = 0;

    while ($written < length($message)) {
        $written += Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, substr($message, $written));
        last if print_errs('SSL_write');
    }

Or alternatively you can just use the following convinence functions:

    Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure";
    $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure";

KNOWN BUGS AND CAVEATS

Autoloader emits

    Argument "xxx" isn't numeric in entersub at blib/lib/Net/SSLeay.pm'

warning if die_if_ssl_error is made autoloadable. If you figure out why, drop me a line.

Callback set using SSL_set_verify() does not appear to work. This may well be eay problem (e.g. see ssl/ssl_lib.c line 1029). Try using SSL_CTX_set_verify() instead and do not be surprised if even this stops working in future versions.

Callback and certificate verification stuff is generally too little tested.

Random numbers are not initialized randomly enough, especially if you do not have /dev/random and/or /dev/urandom (such as in Solaris platforms - but I've been suggested that cryptorand daemon from SUNski package solves this). In this case you should investigate third party software that can emulate these devices, e.g. by way of a named pipe to some program.

Another gotcha with random number initialization is randomness depletion. This phenomenon, which has been extensively discussed in OpenSSL, Apache-SSL, and Apache-mod_ssl forums, can cause your script to block if you use /dev/random or to operate insecurely if you use /dev/urandom. What happens is that when too much randomness is drawn from the operating system's randomness pool then randomness can temporarily be unavailable. /dev/random solves this problem by waiting until enough randomness can be gathered - and this can take a long time since blocking reduces activity in the machine and less activity provides less random events: a vicious circle. /dev/urandom solves this dilemma more pragmatically by simply returning predictable ``random'' numbers. Some /dev/urandom emulation software however actually seems to implement /dev/random semantics. Caveat emptor.

If you are using the low level API functions to communicate with other SSL implementations, you would do well to call

    Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
         and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");

to cope with some well know bugs in some other SSL implementations. The high level API functions always set all known compatibility options.

Sometimes sslcat (and the high level https functions that build on it) is too fast in signaling the EOF to legacy https servers. This causes the server to return empty page. To work around this problem you can set global variable

    $Net::SSLeay::slowly = 1;   # Add sleep so broken servers can keep up

http/1.1 is not supported. Specifically this module does not know to issue or serve multiple http requests per connection. This is a serious short coming, but using SSL session cache on your server helps to alleviate the CPU load somewhat.

DIAGNOSTICS

``Random number generator not seeded!!!''
  This warning indicates that randomize() was not able to read
  /dev/random or /dev/urandom, possibly because your system does not
  have them or they are differently named. You can still use SSL, but
  the encryption will not be as strong.

``open_tcp_connection: destination host not found:`server' (port 123) ($!)''
Name lookup for host named `server' failed.

``open_tcp_connection: failed `server', 123 ($!)''
The name was resolved, but establising the TCP connection failed.

``msg 123: 1 - error:140770F8:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:unknown proto''
  SSLeay error string. First (123) number is PID, second number (1) indicates
  the position of the error message in SSLeay error stack. You often see
  a pile of these messages as errors cascade.

``msg 123: 1 - error:02001002::lib(2) :func(1) :reason(2)''
  The same as above, but you didn't call load_error_strings() so SSLeay
  couldn't verbosely explain the error. You can still find out what it
  means with this command:

     /usr/local/ssl/bin/ssleay errstr 02001002

VERSION

This man page documents version 1.08, released on 17.7.2001.

There are currently two perl modules for using OpenSSL C library: Net::SSLeay (maintaned by me) and SSLeay (maintained by OpenSSL team). This module is the Net::SSLeay variant.

At the time of making this release, Eric's module was still quite scetchy and could not be used for real work, thus I felt motivated to make this maintenance release. This module is not planned to evolve to contain any further functionality, i.e. I will concentrate on just making a simple SSL connection over TCP socket. Presumably Eric's own module will offer full SSLeay API one day.

This module uses OpenSSL-0.9.6a. It does not work with any earlier version and there is no guarantee that it will work with later versions either, though as long as C API does not change, it should. This module requires perl5.005 (or better?) though I believe it would build with any perl5.002 or newer.

AUTHOR

Sampo Kellomaki <sampo@iki.fi>

Please send bug reports to the above address. General questions should be sent either to me or to the mailing list (subscribe by sending mail to openssl-users-request@openssl.org or using web interface at http://www.openssl.org/support/).

COPYRIGHT

Distribution and use of this module is under the same terms as the OpenSSL package itself (i.e. free, but mandatory attribution; NO WARRANTY). Please consult LICENSE file in the root of the OpenSSL distribution.

While the source distribution of this perl module does not contain Eric's or OpenSSL's code, if you use this module you will use OpenSSL library. Please give Eric and OpenSSL team credit (as required by their licenses).

And remember, you, and nobody else but you, are responsible for auditing this module and OpenSSL library for security problems, backdoors, and general suitability for your application.

Index

NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Convenience routines
Low level API
Sockets
Callbacks
X509 and RAND stuff
EXAMPLES
LIMITATIONS
KNOWN BUGS AND CAVEATS
DIAGNOSTICS
VERSION
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT
SEE ALSO

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Time: 18:52:10 GMT, April 23, 2024