þ7#$fdvDlDlDlDz F8F8F8F8(F`F|F|<F¸xDšžG0 GPI*I·€DlIƒGhI…I‰f7-IIIIIIU.S. Participation in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN What is the Large Hadron Collider? The LHC is a circular particle accelerator to be built at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. It will occupy an existing 16-mile circumference tunnel on the French-Swiss border near Geneva. It will reach the highest energy yet achieved by any particle accelerator, about seven times the energy of Fermilab's Tevatron, now the world's highest energy particle accelerator. Physicists will use the LHC for the next generation of experiments to explore the fundamental nature of matter at the smallest scale. It will begin operating after 2005. Proposed US involvement in the LHC. ¥ When the energy frontier moves from Fermilab's Tevatron to the LHC after 2005, many U.S. physicists will participate in forefront experiments at the LHC. ¥ U.S. physicists from three national laboratories and more than 80 universities also hope to participate in the construction of the accelerator and two of the associated detectors. The DOE and NSF have tentatively agreed to collaborate with CERN on the construction of the accelerator and two large experiments that will utilize this forefront scientific facility. ¥ The US participation in the accelerator construction: $200 M over nine years (about 5 % of total construction cost). - $90 M for purchase goods from US industry. - $110 M for the design and fabrication of state-of-the-art accelerator systems by a collaboration of three National Laboratories. ¥ The US participation in construction of the two large experiments: $330ÊM over nine years (about 20 % of the total construction cost). - $250 M from DOE and $80 M from NSF. - All funds will be used to support groups of researchers at universities across the country and at the National Laboratories to design and build state-of-the-art detector systems. ¥ The cost to the US Ð 10 % of the total accelerator plus experiment cost and no liability for operating expenses Ð is much less than if the US were to become a full member of CERN. How will the US - CERN collaboration be managed? ¥ The US contributions to the LHC accelerator and detectors are capped at the levels of funding cited above. ¥ The US bears no financial responsibility for the rest of the LHC project. ¥ The DOE and NSF will manage the US program using methods which have achieved the successful construction Ð on time and within budget Ð of major US high energy and nuclear physics physics facilities (e.g. the Fermilab Main Injector, the SLAC B-Factory,. the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, etc.) ¥ DOE has conducted an extensive cost review of the LHC accelerator, and follow-up reviews are planned. ¥ The US will have a significant management role in the LHC project: - Observer status in the CERN Council. - Full participation in the Committee of Council (CERN executive body where most decisions are worked out) for LHC issues. - Membership on the Resource Review Boards, which monitor the finances of the experiments. - A US-CERN Co-operation Committee will be established. - The US already has significant representation on advisory committees for the LHC accelerator and research programs. - US physicists have management responsibilities within the two large collaborations. Why should the US collaborate on the LHC? ¥ The science is compelling Ð it is at the forefront of basic scientific research. ¥ The LHC is a very cost-effective way for the US to do this scientific research. - The cost to the US is ~10 % of the total accelerator plus experiment cost and <10 % of the total US high energy physics budget. - 25 % of American high energy physicists inted to do research at the LHC. - 20 % of the physicicsts working on the two big experiments are Americans. ¥ The US has always been a leader in particle physics, and our participation in the LHC is vital for us to maintain this leadership position. ¥ The proposed US participation in the LHC program has been strongly endorsed by - the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society, - the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel to the DOE, - the special NSF panel on Elementary Particle Physics, - the National Science Board. ¥ Participation in the LHC project is an important part of a balanced US program. - It will strengthen the domestic program by keeping US universities and National Laboratories involved in this cutting edge research. - The design studies done, experimental and accelerator systems developed and built, and the research carried out will advance the skills of US physicists and engineers and enhance the infrastructure within the US labs. ¥ International collaboration has been the norm in high energy physics experiments. - European, Asian and Russian groups have made important contributions to many large experiments currently in operation or under construction in the US, in some cases bearing up to 30-40% of the costs. - American physicists have long been welcomed in doing their research at facilities around the world, not the least by CERN. ¥ International collaboration will be essential in future high energy accelerator projects. - Other non-European countries (Japan, Russia, Canada, India and Israel) support LHC construction with a total contrubution comparable to the proposed level of US participation. - Accelerator facilities beyond the LHC will have to be supported by world-wide collaboration. - US collaboration on the LHC accelerator construction will help establish the principle of international cooperation, which is required if the US hopes to host the next large project. ‚h ¥ By collaborating in building the accelerator and the detector, U.S. physicists will have a voice in determining the quality of the science the LHC achieves; they will also advance U.S. capability in forefront zvEô8 UO/. 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Detector Design and Construction.. has proposed to edesign and construction , CMS and Atlas, at the LHC, at a cost of $330M of nine years, about 20 percent of the total construction cost of these experiments. $25M would come from DOE and $80M from CERN. ¥ U.S.nl The LHCgains. Tin accelerator funding, would ¥ Currently, x scientists from y U.S. universities have joined the U.S. CMS and Atlas collaborations. The CMS collaboration has chosen Fermilab as the lead laboratory for U.S. CMS. Management of the U.S.-CERN collabroation , 16 miles in circumference,accelerator t energy particle accelerator. ; it represents the critical next generation of discovery in particle physics To remain among world leaders in the science of high-energy physics, the U.S. will need to have a strong role in the LHC. ¥ the most .. ..would beabout percent--experiment cost and about percent.. ¥ About percentplan to do research at the LHC. Twenty percentUS. scientists..I..nl ..LHCprojectforefront high-energy physics Ñ about one quarter of!_!Ç!È!Ê!Ì!Ò!á!â!÷!ø" ""+"7"V"W"k"t"‘"¤"¥"å###!#*#+#,#-#.#/#3#7#=#D#E#F#`#g#h#i#j#k#m#s#z#~#š# #¨#¶#·#¸#¹#º#»#¼#½#¾#¿#À#Á#Ä#Ë#é#ê#ë#ì$(((((((&(5(B(D(E(n(t(x(y((‘(•(˜(™(œ(©(«(¹(º(Ï(Ñ(áýýýýýýúúúúýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýúúýýýýýúýôýýýýýýýýýýýýýóóóóó€ @€`#j#k#¿#ê)•)¬)Á)Ö*K*L+N+^+_+`+Á+Â,…,†-7-8-:-®-¯-°-±-²-³-´-µ-¶00§4¨4ªõêÝÒǼ´«¢ÒÇ•ÝÝÝ•ÝŽ†¢€€€u¢Çmdd^†X€þü$$ -þêþüþüð $ þûþüx$ þü$ þüðþü $ hþ˜þü †$ hþ˜þü$ hþ˜þü$ þüx $ -þêþüx $ -þêþüx $ -þêþüx $ hþ˜þü † $ -þêþüx $ þü †!plan tocollaborate LHC0the at the LHC of the physiciconstructing ¥ the American Physical Society, the High DOE, and Iphysics development and LHC ver0NSFmore than 50080, in Illinois, Reasons for U.S. Involvement in the LHCThe arguments for U.S. collaboration in the LHC project are based upon the quality of the science, the technical strength of the project, and the favorable terms of the agreement. Quality of the Science qualityCollaboration ..Technical strength ¥ research universities and Tdevelopment of imental and accelerator systems, and the research at the LHC.. and .. ¥ CERN is a strong and reliable partner. Like the U.S., CERN is also a woorld leader in high-energy physics. CERN has an excellent record of accelerator and detector construction, including the one that now occupies the tunnel that will house the LHC.large. Favorable terms ¥ CERN has not asked for a U.S. contribution to the cost of operating the LHC after it is built. ¥ Of the proposed $450M U.S. contribution to CERN by the Department of Energy, almost all would be spent on the purchase of goods and services from U.S. industry and for U.S. wages and salaries. ¥ The U.S. is already the fourth-largest supplier of goods and services to CERN. Last year, CERN spent $20M in the U.S., putting the U.S. ahead of most CERN member states.U.S. - When thes, the U.S. will no longer have a particle accelerator at the energy frontierworldcontributioncollaboration CollaborationScientific QualityAn Investment U.S. Scientific Leadership‘(á)”)•)£)«)¬)³)À)Á)Â)Ã)Ä)Õ)Ö)Ø)á)ò)ó)ô)õ**@*A*B*G*H*I*J*W*Y*s*“++G+L+M+N+]+^+g+t+”+œ+¦+Á+Â+Ä+Å+Ê+Ú+ß+ó, , ,,,,,,!,+,Y,Z,l,„,,,¤,¥,¦,§,¯,Í,Õ-1-6-7-8-9-:-B-C-j-l--”- -­-®-°-±-²-³-´-¶-Ã-Õ-ýþþýþýþüþþþþöþö €@€Àa Returns on the Investment new U.S. and Mspay l . be used to support scientists propose because of thedetector40-year acceleratorqTwill beproposed The U.S. Program Now and in the years just ahead, the Fermilab Tevatron accelerator represents the energy frontier for research and discovery in particle physics. More than 2300 physicists from 36 states and 20 countries use Fermilab for their research. The nation's investment in the Tevatron will provide great opportunities for important discoveries $ -ý00 0 00000$0%0)0*0+0/000102040H0[0i0n0q0y0„0…0†00–00ž0¦0§0±0¶0Æ0Þ0ê0ý1-1018191W1j1k1”1˜1 1È1Í1á1ë1ö1÷4444$464J4[4‡4§4¨4©4ª4«4¬4­4ç4þ55)5*5+5L5s5{55‰5Ž55—5£5ª5¾5í5ò5ÿ68úôôôôôóóóóúóíííííííçççú À À € @[at a U.S. laboratory. But wsometime the highest-energy The LHC represents a cost-effective opportunity for U.S. scientists to continue to work at the energy frontier. Good reasons to collaborate in the LHC Project include the in High Energy PhysicsToday , the world's highest energy particle,sÑand to develop the technologies for building the accelerator that will someday follow the LHCU.S. pwho are continue to CERN's Collaboration in theroject makes sense for the U.S. because of the is a world leader .4ª4¬4­8u8v<Ê??žB½CCCCC;C°úôæÙÒÌûµµ¨›’’$ hþ˜ð $ hþ˜ð † $ hþ˜ð †$ $ hþ˜$ hþ˜ð$$à $ hþ˜þü † $ hþ˜þüð †$ þü$ þü,milestone in the next few yearsAfter 2005, the energy frontier will move to the .shost the effort.30experimental ¥ ¥ Assuming a decade of operation, the cost for the 20 years is five percent of the total U.S. high energy physics budget to enable 30 percent of U.S. physicists to do LHC research. and $81M from NSFquarter effortnext generation of discovery in the search to understand ; whereas U.S. researchers would make up about 20 percent of the LHC usersdomestically the fundamental nature of matter$ 888 8 8Q8R8S8W8[8c8e8r8t8u8Ô8Ø8â8ä9*9<9C9J9f9‚9ƒ9’99Ä9Í9Ú9ú<< <<<&<'> >!>b>j>w>ˆ>©>·>¼>Ø>Ü>ß>ç>ê>î>÷>ü>ý????4?5?6?9?L?k?p?q?uúúúôôúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúîúúúúúúúúúôôúúèúúúúúèúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúâúúúúúúú € € @ À Yyears ahead30 percent$200domestically 0now and new millenniumIf the U.S. does not participate in the LHC, it will be difficult toicsT of the agreementhave an influence ondirection and in 2525TLASTLAS25 Through the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation, the United States will invest $530 million in a new particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva, Switzerland. Why does this investment make sense for the United States?fornext several at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, particle physics, the science of the fundamental nature of matterthe bestin the world opening years of Laboratory for Particle Physics, , Switzerland.will accelerator and two of its will$90will be forwilladvanced will ,willwilli; ATLAS's U.S. headquarters are at Brookhaven. 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