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GNU Info (bison.info)GlossaryGlossary ******** Backus-Naur Form (BNF) Formal method of specifying context-free grammars. BNF was first used in the `ALGOL-60' report, 1963. Note: Languages and Context-Free Grammars. Context-free grammars Grammars specified as rules that can be applied regardless of context. Thus, if there is a rule which says that an integer can be used as an expression, integers are allowed _anywhere_ an expression is permitted. Note: Languages and Context-Free Grammars. Dynamic allocation Allocation of memory that occurs during execution, rather than at compile time or on entry to a function. Empty string Analogous to the empty set in set theory, the empty string is a character string of length zero. Finite-state stack machine A "machine" that has discrete states in which it is said to exist at each instant in time. As input to the machine is processed, the machine moves from state to state as specified by the logic of the machine. In the case of the parser, the input is the language being parsed, and the states correspond to various stages in the grammar rules. Note: The Bison Parser Algorithm. Grouping A language construct that is (in general) grammatically divisible; for example, `expression' or `declaration' in C. Note: Languages and Context-Free Grammars. Infix operator An arithmetic operator that is placed between the operands on which it performs some operation. Input stream A continuous flow of data between devices or programs. Language construct One of the typical usage schemas of the language. For example, one of the constructs of the C language is the `if' statement. Note: Languages and Context-Free Grammars. Left associativity Operators having left associativity are analyzed from left to right: `a+b+c' first computes `a+b' and then combines with `c'. Note: Operator Precedence. Left recursion A rule whose result symbol is also its first component symbol; for example, `expseq1 : expseq1 ',' exp;'. *Note Recursive Rules: Recursion. Left-to-right parsing Parsing a sentence of a language by analyzing it token by token from left to right. Note: The Bison Parser Algorithm. Lexical analyzer (scanner) A function that reads an input stream and returns tokens one by one. Note: The Lexical Analyzer Function `yylex'. Lexical tie-in A flag, set by actions in the grammar rules, which alters the way tokens are parsed. Note: Lexical Tie-ins. Literal string token A token which consists of two or more fixed characters. Note: Symbols. Look-ahead token A token already read but not yet shifted. Note: Look-Ahead Tokens. LALR(1) The class of context-free grammars that Bison (like most other parser generators) can handle; a subset of LR(1). Note: Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts. LR(1) The class of context-free grammars in which at most one token of look-ahead is needed to disambiguate the parsing of any piece of input. Nonterminal symbol A grammar symbol standing for a grammatical construct that can be expressed through rules in terms of smaller constructs; in other words, a construct that is not a token. Note: Symbols. Parse error An error encountered during parsing of an input stream due to invalid syntax. Note: Error Recovery. Parser A function that recognizes valid sentences of a language by analyzing the syntax structure of a set of tokens passed to it from a lexical analyzer. Postfix operator An arithmetic operator that is placed after the operands upon which it performs some operation. Reduction Replacing a string of nonterminals and/or terminals with a single nonterminal, according to a grammar rule. Note: The Bison Parser Algorithm. Reentrant A reentrant subprogram is a subprogram which can be in invoked any number of times in parallel, without interference between the various invocations. Note: A Pure (Reentrant) Parser. Reverse polish notation A language in which all operators are postfix operators. Right recursion A rule whose result symbol is also its last component symbol; for example, `expseq1: exp ',' expseq1;'. *Note Recursive Rules: Recursion. Semantics In computer languages, the semantics are specified by the actions taken for each instance of the language, i.e., the meaning of each statement. Note: Defining Language Semantics. Shift A parser is said to shift when it makes the choice of analyzing further input from the stream rather than reducing immediately some already-recognized rule. *Note The Bison Parser Algorithm: Algorithm. Single-character literal A single character that is recognized and interpreted as is. Note: From Formal Rules to Bison Input. Start symbol The nonterminal symbol that stands for a complete valid utterance in the language being parsed. The start symbol is usually listed as the first nonterminal symbol in a language specification. Note: The Start-Symbol. Symbol table A data structure where symbol names and associated data are stored during parsing to allow for recognition and use of existing information in repeated uses of a symbol. Note: Multi-function Calc. Token A basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a language. The symbol that describes a token in the grammar is a terminal symbol. The input of the Bison parser is a stream of tokens which comes from the lexical analyzer. Note: Symbols. Terminal symbol A grammar symbol that has no rules in the grammar and therefore is grammatically indivisible. The piece of text it represents is a token. Note: Languages and Context-Free Grammars. automatically generated by info2www version 1.2.2.9 |