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File Handling
*************

   Fairly obviously, the file handling code of cpplib resides in the
file `cppfiles.c'.  It takes care of the details of file searching,
opening, reading and caching, for both the main source file and all the
headers it recursively includes.

   The basic strategy is to minimize the number of system calls.  On
many systems, the basic `open ()' and `fstat ()' system calls can be
quite expensive.  For every `#include'-d file, we need to try all the
directories in the search path until we find a match.  Some projects,
such as glibc, pass twenty or thirty include paths on the command line,
so this can rapidly become time consuming.

   For a header file we have not encountered before we have little
choice but to do this.  However, it is often the case that the same
headers are repeatedly included, and in these cases we try to avoid
repeating the filesystem queries whilst searching for the correct file.

   For each file we try to open, we store the constructed path in a
splay tree.  This path first undergoes simplification by the function
`_cpp_simplify_pathname'.  For example, `/usr/include/bits/../foo.h' is
simplified to `/usr/include/foo.h' before we enter it in the splay tree
and try to `open ()' the file.  CPP will then find subsequent uses of
`foo.h', even as `/usr/include/foo.h', in the splay tree and save
system calls.

   Further, it is likely the file contents have also been cached,
saving a `read ()' system call.  We don't bother caching the contents of
header files that are re-inclusion protected, and whose re-inclusion
macro is defined when we leave the header file for the first time.  If
the host supports it, we try to map suitably large files into memory,
rather than reading them in directly.

   The include paths are internally stored on a null-terminated
singly-linked list, starting with the `"header.h"' directory search
chain, which then links into the `<header.h>' directory chain.

   Files included with the `<foo.h>' syntax start the lookup directly
in the second half of this chain.  However, files included with the
`"foo.h"' syntax start at the beginning of the chain, but with one
extra directory prepended.  This is the directory of the current file;
the one containing the `#include' directive.  Prepending this directory
on a per-file basis is handled by the function `search_from'.

   Note that a header included with a directory component, such as
`#include "mydir/foo.h"' and opened as
`/usr/local/include/mydir/foo.h', will have the complete path minus the
basename `foo.h' as the current directory.

   Enough information is stored in the splay tree that CPP can
immediately tell whether it can skip the header file because of the
multiple include optimisation, whether the file didn't exist or
couldn't be opened for some reason, or whether the header was flagged
not to be re-used, as it is with the obsolete `#import' directive.

   For the benefit of MS-DOS filesystems with an 8.3 filename
limitation, CPP offers the ability to treat various include file names
as aliases for the real header files with shorter names.  The map from
one to the other is found in a special file called `header.gcc', stored
in the command line (or system) include directories to which the mapping
applies.  This may be higher up the directory tree than the full path to
the file minus the base name.