The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping Your Debian System Up To Date
[ previous ]
[ Contents ]
[ 1 ]
[ 2 ]
[ 3 ]
[ 4 ]
[ 5 ]
[ 6 ]
[ 7 ]
[ 8 ]
[ 9 ]
[ 10 ]
[ 11 ]
[ 12 ]
[ 13 ]
[ 14 ]
[ 15 ]
[ next ]
The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
Chapter 8 - Keeping Your Debian System Up To Date
One of Debian goals is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure
upgrade process, and we always do our best to make the new release smoothly
upgradable from the previous ones. In case there's some important note to add
to the upgrade process, the packages will alert the user, and often provide a
solution to a possible problem.
8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?
There are several ways to upgrade:
Using a simple shell script called autoup.sh which upgrades the
most important packages. After autoup.sh has done his job, you
may use dselect to install the remaining packages en masse. This is
probably the recommended method, but not the only one.
Currently, the latest release of autoup.sh may be found on the
following locations:
Following closely the Debian
libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO and upgrade the most important packages by
hand. autoup.sh is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method
should work more or less like using autoup.sh.
Using a libc5-based apt. APT stands for A Package Tool, and it
might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a command-line
interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5 version in the
dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386 directory at the Debian
archives.
Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly
recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because
dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT
works much better and it is safer.
8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?
One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse
the directories until he finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and finally
install it using dpkg. Note that dpkg will install
upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised package
will require the installation of a newly revised version of another package, in
which case the installation will fail until/unless the other package is
installed.
Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so
quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week.
This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this
avalanche, many people prefer to use an automated programs. Several different
packages are available for this purpose:
8.2.1 APT
APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. apt-get is the
command-line tool for handling packages, and APT dselect method is an interface
to APT through dselect. Both of these provide a simpler, safer
way to install and upgrade packages.
APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and
several other unique features, see the User's Guide in
/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html.
Install the apt package, and edit the
/etc/apt/sources.list file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade
to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source
like this one:
http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near
you. See the mirror list at http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors
for more information.
Details on this can be found in apt-get(8) and
sources.list(8) manual pages, as well as in the aforementioned APT
User's Guide, in /usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html.
Then run
apt-get update
followed by
apt-get dist-upgrade
Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded.
To use APT with dselect, choose the APT access method in dselect's
method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be
use. The configuration file is /etc/apt/sources.list, and its
format is described in the sources.list(5) manual page.
If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use apt-cdrom.
For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an
upgrade from a local mirror".
Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them
kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from
overflowing, remember to delete extra files using apt-get clean
and apt-get autoclean, or to move them someplace else (hint: use
apt-move).
8.2.2 dpkg-ftp
This is an older access method for dselect. It can be invoked
from within dselect, thereby allowing a user the ability to
download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the
ftp access method in dselect (option 0) and specify
the remote hostname and directory. dpkg-ftp will then
automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of
dselect or earlier ones).
Note that, unlike the mirror program, dpkg-ftp does
not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files
which you have selected (when first starting up dpkg-ftp), and
which need to be updated.
dpkg-ftp is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access
method with ftp:// URLs in sources.list instead.
8.2.3 mirror
This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called
mirror-master, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a
directory tree from a specified host via anonymous FTP.
mirror is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of
software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file
called .mirrorinfo is stored on the local host. Changes to the
remote filesystem are tracked automatically by mirror, which
compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only
changed files.
The mirror program is generally useful for updating local copies
of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since
mirror is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.)
Though the mirror program provides mechanisms for excluding files
names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when
the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected
packages.
8.2.4 dpkg-mountable
dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list,
which allows you to install of any filesystem specified in /etc/fstab (e.g. a
normal hard disk partition, or an NFS server), which it will automatically
mount and umount for you if necessary.
It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such
as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or
totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than
the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg
actions in the install method.
8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?
No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a
start-stop-daemon program that is invoked to stop, then restart
running process if necessary during a package upgrade.
8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?
No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely
necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have
installed the packages, you can remove them from your system.
8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system?
dpkg keeps a record of the packages that have been unpacked,
configured, removed, and/or purged, but does not (currently) keep a log of
terminal activity that occured while a package was being so manipulated.
The simplest way to work around this is to run your
dpkg/dselect/apt-get/whatever sessions
within the script(1) program.