Convert converts an input file using one image
format to an output file with a differing image format. In
addition, various types of image processing can be performed on the
converted image during the conversion process.
Convert recognizes the image formats listed in
ImageMagick(1).
In this example, '-size 120x120' gives
a hint to the JPEG decoder that the image is going to be downscaled
to 120x120, allowing it to run faster by avoiding returning
full-resolution images to ImageMagick for the subsequent resizing
operation. The '-resize 120x120' specifies the desired
dimensions of the output image. It will be scaled so its largest
dimension is 120 pixels. The '+profile "*"' removes any
ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other profiles that might be present in the
input and aren't needed in the thumbnail.
To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster
image, use:
convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras
To convert a multi-page PostScript document to
individual FAX pages, use:
convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page
To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with
the image in the lower left-hand corner, use:
convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps
To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable
graymap, use:
In this example, "raw" is the input file. Its format is "gray"
and it has the dimensions and number of header bytes specified by
the -size option and the sample depth specified by the -depth
option. The output file is "image.pgm". The suffix ".pgm" specifies
its format.
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect for the set of images
that follows, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any
option or -noop. Some options only affect the
decoding of images and others only the encoding. The latter can
appear after the final group of input images.
For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
above.
ImageMagick(1).
Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing
the histograms of the color components and identifying units that
are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space
filter analyzes the histograms of the three color components of the
image and identifies a set of classes. The extents of each class is
used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding. The color
associated with each class is determined by the mean color of all
pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any
unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest class with the
fuzzy c-means technique.
The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
Build a histogram, one for each color component of the
image.
For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter
and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second
derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space "fingerprint" to
determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most
predominant.
The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram.
Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original
signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval,
that pixel is considered "classified" and is assigned an unique
class number.
Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding
pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is
assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis
phase.
The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by
finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of
squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the
closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum
value.
For additional information see:
Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, ``On The
Color Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and
the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques'', Pattern Recognition,
Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.
Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen.
Many Unix systems keep this shell variable up to date, but it may
need to be explicitly exported in order for ImageMagick to see
it.
DISPLAY
X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form
hostname:display.screen).
HOME
Location of user's home directory. ImageMagick searches for
configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory exists. See
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH,
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is
needed.
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for image format coder
modules. This path allows the user to arbitrarily extend the image
formats supported by ImageMagick by adding loadable modules to an
arbitrary location rather than copying them into the ImageMagick
installation directory. The formatting of the search path is
similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for
Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
specified search path is used before trying the default search
path.
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk)
files. The formatting of the search path is similar to operating
system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path
is used before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_DEBUG
Debug options (see -debug for
details)
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for filter process modules
(invoked via -process). This path allows the user
to arbitrarily extend ImageMagick's image processing functionality
by adding loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather than
copying them into the ImageMagick installation directory. The
formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search
paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for
Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used before
trying the default search path.
MAGICK_FONT_PATH
Directory where ImageMagick should look for TrueType and
Postscript Type1 font files if the font file is not found in the
current directory. It is preferred to define the available fonts
via type.mgk rather than use
MAGICK_FONT_PATH.
MAGICK_HOME
Path to top of ImageMagick installation directory. Only
observed by "uninstalled" builds of ImageMagick which do not have
their location hard-coded or set by an installer.
MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT
Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel
cache.
MAGICK_FILES_LIMIT
Maximum number of open files.
MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT
Maximum size of a memory map.
MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT
Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the
heap.
MAGICK_TMPDIR
Path to directory where ImageMagick should write temporary
files. The default is to use the system default, or the location
set by TMPDIR.
TMPDIR
For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the
directory where all applications should write temporary files.
Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is
set.
TMP or
TEMP
For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where
applications should write temporary files. Overridden by
MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is
set.
Copyright (C) 1999-2004 ImageMagick Studio LLC.
Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software, see
http://www.imagemagick.org/www/Copyright.html