Display is a machine
architecture independent image processing and display program. It
can display an image on any workstation screen running an X server.
Display can read and write many
of the more popular image formats (e.g.
JPEG, TIFF, PNM,
Photo CD, etc.).
With display, you can perform these functions
on an image:
load an image from a
file
display the next
image
display the former
image
display a sequence of
images as a slide show
write the image to a
file
print the image to a
PostScript printer
delete the image
file
create a Visual Image
Directory
select the image to
display by its thumbnail rather than name
undo last image
transformation
copy a region of the
image
paste a region to the
image
restore the image to
its original size
refresh the image
half the image
size
double the image
size
resize the image
crop the image
cut the image
flop image in the
horizontal direction
flip image in the
vertical direction
rotate the image 90
degrees clockwise
rotate the image 90
degrees counter-clockwise
rotate the image
shear the image
roll the image
trim the image
edges
invert the colors of
the image
vary the color
brightness
vary the color
saturation
vary the image hue
gamma correct the
image
sharpen the image
contrast
dull the image
contrast
perform histogram
equalization on the image
perform histogram
normalization on the image
negate the image
colors
convert the image to
grayscale
set the maximum number
of unique colors in the image
reduce the speckles
within an image
eliminate peak noise
from an image
detect edges within the
image
emboss an image
segment the image by
color
simulate an oil
painting
simulate a charcoal
drawing
annotate the image with
text
draw on the image
edit an image pixel
color
edit the image matte
information
composite an image with
another
add a border to the
image
surround image with an
ornamental border
apply image processing
techniques to a region of interest
display information
about the image
zoom a portion of the
image
show a histogram of the
image
display image to
background of a window
set user
preferences
display information
about this program
discard all images and
exit program
change the level of
magnification
display images
specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator
(URL)
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different
effect. For example to display three images, the first with 32
colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors, and the
third with only 16 colors, use:
Display options can appear on the command line
or in your X resources file. See X(1). Options on the
command line supersede values specified in your X resources
file.
For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
above.
ImageMagick(1).
The effects of each button press is described below. Three
buttons are required. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and
3 are returned. Press ALT and button 3 to simulate
button 2.
1
Press this button to map or unmap the
Command widget . See the next section for
more information about the Command widget.
2
Press and drag to define a region of the image to
magnify.
3
Press and drag to choose from a select set of
display(1) commands. This button behaves
differently if the image being displayed is a visual image
directory. Choose a particular tile of the directory and press this
button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu. Choose from
these menu items:
Open
Next
Former
Delete
Update
If you choose Open, the image represented by
the tile is displayed. To return to the visual image directory,
choose Next from the Command widget (refer to
Command Widget). Next and
Former moves to the next or former image
respectively. Choose Delete to delete a particular
image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize
all the image tiles with their respective images. See
montage and miff
for more details.
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands.
They are
File
Open...
Next
Former
Select...
Save...
Print...
Delete...
Canvas...
Visual Directory...
Quit
Edit
Undo
Redo
Cut
Copy
Paste
View
Half Size
Original Size
Double Size
Resize...
Apply
Refresh
Restore
Transform
Crop
Chop
Flop
Flip
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Rotate...
Shear...
Roll...
Trim Edges
Enhance
Hue...
Saturation...
Brightness...
Gamma...
Spiff...
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
GRAYscale
Quantize...
Effects
Despeckle
Emboss
Reduce Noise
Add Noise
Sharpen...
Blur...
Threshold...
Edge Detect...
Spread...
Shade...
Raise...
Segment...
F/X
Solarize...
Swirl...
Implode...
Wave...
Oil Paint...
Charcoal Draw...
Image Edit
Annotate...
Draw...
Color...
Matte...
Composite...
Add Border...
Add Frame...
Comment...
Launch...
Region of Interest...
Miscellany
Image Info
Zoom Image
Show Preview...
Show Histogram
Show Matte
Background...
Slide Show
Preferences...
Help
Overview
Browse Documentation
About Display
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are
represented above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item,
move the pointer to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and
drag. When you find the desired sub-menu item, release the button
and the command is executed. Move the pointer away from the
sub-menu if you decide not to execute a particular
command.
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular
command. The keyboard accelerators that display
understands is:
Ctl+O Press to load an image from a file.
space Press to display the next image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
PostScript document, you can skip ahead several pages by
preceding this command with a number. For example to display the
fourth page beyond the current page, press 4space.
backspace Press to display the former image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
PostScript document, you can skip behind several pages by
preceding this command with a number. For example to display the
fourth page preceding the current page, press 4n.
Ctl-S Press to save the image to a file.
Ctl-P Press to print the image to a
PostScript printer.
Ctl-D Press to delete an image file.
Ctl-N Press to create a blank canvas.
Ctl-Q Press to discard all images and exit program.
Ctl+Z Press to undo last image transformation.
Ctl+R Press to redo last image transformation.
Ctl-X Press to cut a region of
the image.
Ctl-C Press to copy a region of
the image.
Ctl-V Press to paste a region to
the image.
< Press to halve the image size.
. Press to return to the original image size.
> Press to double the image size.
% Press to resize the image to a width and height
you specify.
Cmd-A Press to make any image transformations permanent.
By default, any image size transformations are
applied to the original image to create the image
displayed on the X server. However, the
transformations are not permanent (i.e. the original
image does not change size only the X image does).
For example, if you press ">" the X image will
appear to double in size, but the original image
will in fact remain the same size. To force the
original image to double in size, press ">" followed
by "Cmd-A".
@ Press to refresh the image window.
C Press to crop the image.
[ Press to chop the image.
H Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
V Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
/ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
\ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees
counter-clockwise.
* Press to rotate the image
the number of degrees you specify.
S Press to shear the image the number of degrees
you specify.
R Press to roll the image.
T Press to trim the image edges.
Shft-H Press to vary the color hue.
Shft-S Press to vary the color saturation.
Shft-L Press to vary the image brightness.
Shft-G Press to gamma correct the image.
Shft-C Press to spiff up the image contrast.
Shft-Z Press to dull the image contrast.
= Press to perform histogram equalization on
the image.
Shft-N Press to perform histogram normalization on
the image.
Shft-~ Press to negate the colors of the image.
. Press to convert the image colors to gray.
Shft-# Press to set the maximum number of unique
colors in the image.
F2 Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
F2 Press to emboss an image.
F4 Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
F5 Press to add noise to an image.
F6 Press to sharpen an image.
F7 Press to blur image an image.
F8 Press to threshold the image.
F9 Press to detect edges within an image.
F10 Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
F11 Press to shade the image using a distant light
source.
F12 Press to lighten or darken image edges to create
a 3-D effect.
F13 Press to segment the image by color.
Meta-S Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
Meta-I Press to implode image pixels about the center.
Meta-W Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
Meta-P Press to simulate an oil painting.
Meta-C Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
Alt-X Press to composite the image
with another.
Alt-A Press to annotate the image with text.
Alt-D Press to draw a line on the image.
Alt-P Press to edit an image pixel color.
Alt-M Press to edit the image matte information.
Alt-X Press to composite the image with another.
Alt-A Press to add a border to the image.
Alt-F Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
Alt-Shft-! Press to add an image comment.
Ctl-A Press to apply image processing techniques to a
region of interest.
Shft-? Press to display information about the image.
Shft-+ Press to map the zoom image window.
Shft-P Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,
or f/x.
F1 Press to display helpful information about
the "display" utility.
Find Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.
1-9 Press to change the level of magnification.
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left,
or right within the magnify window. Be sure to first map the
magnify window by pressing button 2.
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from
any side of the image.
Display options can appear on the command line
or in your X resource file. Options on the command line supersede
values specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for
more information on X resources.
Most display options have a corresponding X
resource. In addition, display uses the following
X resources:
background (class
Background)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
background. The default is #ccc.
borderColor (class
BorderColor)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
border. The default is #ccc.
borderWidth (class
BorderWidth)
Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The
default is 2.
browseCommand (class
browseCommand)
Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying
ImageMagick documentation. The default is netscape
%s.
confirmExit (class
ConfirmExit)
Display pops up a dialog box to confirm
exiting the program when exiting the program. Set this resource to
False to exit without a confirmation.
displayGamma (class
DisplayGamma)
Specifies the gamma of the X server.
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue
channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with
slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).
The default is 2.2.
displayWarnings (class
DisplayWarnings)
Display pops up a dialog box whenever a
warning message occurs. Set this resource to False to
ignore warning messages.
font (class
FontList)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal
formatted text. The default is 14 point
Helvetica.
font[1-9] (class
Font[1-9])
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
annotating the image window with text. The
default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold,
9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.
foreground (class
Foreground)
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the image
window. The default is black.
gammaCorrect (class
gammaCorrect)
This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of
known gamma to match the gamma of the display (see resource
displayGamma). The default is
True.
geometry (class
Geometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window.
It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
managers.
Offsets, if present, are handled in
X(1) style. A negative x offset is measured from the right
edge of the screen to the right edge of the icon, and a negative y
offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen to the bottom
edge of the icon.
iconGeometry (class
IconGeometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the application
when iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
managers.
Offsets, if present, are handled in the same
manner as in class Geometry.
iconic (class
Iconic)
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the
application's windows initially not be visible as if the windows
had be immediately iconified by you. Window managers may choose not
to honor the application's request.
magnify (class
Magnify)
specifies an integral factor by which the image should be
enlarged. The default is 3.
This value only affects the magnification window which is
invoked with button number 3 after the
image is displayed.
matteColor (class
MatteColor)
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of
windows, menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using
highlight and shadow colors derived from this color. Default value:
#697B8F.
name (class
Name)
This resource specifies the name under which resources for the
application should be found. This resource is useful in shell
aliases to distinguish between invocations of an application,
without resorting to creating links to alter the executable file
name. The default is the application name.
pen[1-9] (class
Pen[1-9])
Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when
annotating the image window with text. The
default colors are black, blue, green, cyan, gray, red, magenta,
yellow, and white.
printCommand (class
PrintCommand)
This command is executed whenever Print is issued. In general,
it is the command to print PostScript to your printer.
Default value: lp -c -s %i.
sharedMemory (class
SharedMemory)
This resource specifies whether display should attempt use
shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared
memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension.
Otherwise, this resource is ignored. The default is
True.
textFont (class
textFont)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed
(typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point
Courier.
title (class
Title)
This resource specifies the title to be used for the image
window. This information is sometimes used by a window manager to
provide a header identifying the window. The default is the image
file name.
undoCache (class
UndoCache)
Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit
cache. Each time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit
cache as long as memory is available. You can subsequently
undo one or more of these transformations. The default is
16 Megabytes.
usePixmap (class
UsePixmap)
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource
to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful
if your image exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you
intend to pan the image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than
with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them
with discretion.
To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the
geometry resource. For example, to set the Pan window geometry to
256x256, use:
To select an image to display, choose Open of
the File sub-menu from the
Command widget. A file browser is
displayed. To choose a particular image file, move the pointer to
the filename and press any button. The filename is copied to the
text window. Next, press Open or press the
RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image
file name directly into the text window. To descend directories,
choose a directory name and press the button twice quickly. A
scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved through the
viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list area.
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing
characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only files
that end with .jpg.
To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a
file, Choose Grab of the Open
widget.
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of
the File sub-menu from the
Command widget . A file browser is
displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images
in the current directory, press Directory or press
the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can select a
set of image names by using shell globbing characters. For example,
type *.jpg to include only files that end with
.jpg. To descend directories, choose a directory name and
press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of
filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the
size of the list area.
After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails
and tiled onto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular
thumbnail and press button 3 and drag. Finally,
select Open. The image represented by the thumbnail is displayed at
its full size. Choose Next from the
File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to
the Visual Image Directory.
Note that cut information for image window is not retained for
colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,
StaticColor, GRAYScale, PseudoColor).
Correct cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or
DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
To begin, press choose Cut of the
Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget. Alternatively, press
F3 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Help
Dismiss
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region
is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as
it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region,
release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode,
the Command widget has these options:
Cut
Help
Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut
rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press
Cut to commit your copy region. To exit without cutting the image,
press Dismiss.
To begin, press choose Copy of the
Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget. Alternatively, press
F4 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Help
Dismiss
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy
region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or
contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with
the copy region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode.
In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Copy
Help
Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally,
press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit without copying the
image, press Dismiss.
To begin, press choose Paste of the
Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget. Alternatively, press
F5 in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press
Dismiss. In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
multiply
bumpmap
replace
Help
Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators
sub-menu of the Command widget. How each
operator behaves is described below. image window is the
image currently displayed on your X server and image is
the image obtained with the File Browser widget.
over
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with
image obscuring image window in the region of
overlap.
in
The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window. None of the image data of image window is in
the result.
out
The resulting image is image with the shape of
image window cut out.
atop
The result is the same shape as image window, with
image obscuring image window where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of
image outside image window's shape does not appear in the
result.
xor
The result is the image data from both image and
image window that is outside the overlap region. The
overlap region is blank.
plus
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are
cropped to the maximum value (no overflow). This operation is
independent of the matte channels.
minus
The result of image - image window, with
underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to
opaque, full coverage).
add
The result of image + image window, with
overflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).
subtract
The result of image - image window, with
underflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible
transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - image window). This
is useful for comparing two very similar images.
multiply
The result of image * image window. This is
useful for the creation of drop-shadows.
bumpmap
The result of image window shaded by
window.
replace
The resulting image is image window replaced with
image. Here the matte information is
ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the
image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a
mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This
is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the
shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If
image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for
any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
See Matte Editing for a method of defining
a matte channel.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for
colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor,
GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may
require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator
is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite your
image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you
identify your location.
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the
color that appears in image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen image window will appear black or white even
though your pasted image may have many colors. If the image is
saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To assure
the correct colors are saved in the final image, any
PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. To
force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass,
use -colors.
To begin, press choose Crop of the
Transform submenu from the
Command widget. Alternatively,
press [ in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Help
Dismiss
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The
cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands
or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with
the cropping region, release the button. You are now in rectify
mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Crop
Help
Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To exit without
cropping the image, press Dismiss.
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line
argument to chop an image. To begin, choose Chop
of the Transform sub-menu from the
Command widget. Alternatively,
press ] in the Image window.
You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In Chop mode, the Command widget
has these options:
Direction
horizontal
vertical
Help
Dismiss
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the
default), the area of the image between the two horizontal
endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the area of the
image between the two vertical endpoints of the chop line is
removed.
Select a location within the image window to begin your chop,
press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer to another
location in the image. As you move a line will connect the initial
location and the pointer. When you release the button, the area
within the image to chop is determined by which direction you
choose from the Command widget.
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the
starting point of the line and release the
button.
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate
-90 degrees. To interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose
Rotate... of the Transform
submenu from the Command Widget.
Alternatively, press * in the image
window.
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are
now in rotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate
mode, the Command widget has these options:
Pixel Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Direction
horizontal
vertical
Help
Dismiss
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.
Additional background colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the
X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab,
you can select the background color by moving the pointer to the
desired color on the screen and press any button.
Choose a point in the image window and press this button and
hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As
you move a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When
you release the button, the degree of image rotation is determined
by the slope of the line you just drew. The slope is relative to
the direction you choose from the Direction sub-menu of the Command
widget.
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the
starting point of the line and release the
button.
Choose Effects->Segment to segment an image
by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying
units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. The
scale-space filter analyzes the histograms of the three color
components of the image and identifies a set of classes. The
extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with
thresholding. The color associated with each class is determined by
the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a particular
class. Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest
class with the fuzzy c-means technique.
The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
Build a histogram, one for each color component of the
image.
For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter
and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second
derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space "fingerprint" to
determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most
predominant.
The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram.
Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original
signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval,
that pixel is considered "classified" and is assigned an unique
class number.
Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding
pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is
assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis
phase.
The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by
finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of
squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the
closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum
value.
For additional information see:
Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The
Color Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and
the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques", Pattern Recognition, Volume
23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command line
argument to annotate an image. To begin, choose
Annotate of the Image Edit
sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press a in the image
window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Font Name
fixed
variable
5x8
6x10
7x13bold
8x13bold
9x15bold
10x20
12x24
Browser...
Font Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
Box Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
Rotate Text
-90
-45
-30
0
30
45
90
180
Dialog...
Help
Dismiss
Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu.
Additional font names can be specified with the font browser. You
can change the menu names by setting the X
resources font1 through font9.
Choose a font color from the Font Color
sub-menu. Additional font colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the
X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you select the color browser and press Grab,
you can choose the font color by moving the pointer to the desired
color on the screen and press any button.
If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate
Text from the menu and select an angle. Typically you will
only want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the
angle you choose, subsequent lines may end up overwriting each
other.
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is
fixed and the default color is black. However, you must choose a
location to begin entering text and press a button. An underscore
character will appear at the location of the pointer. The cursor
changes to a pencil to indicate you are in text mode. To exit
immediately, press Dismiss.
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the
location of the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter
your text and once completed press Apply to finish your image
annotation. To correct errors press BACK SPACE. To
delete an entire line of text, press DELETE. Any
text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is
automatically continued onto the next line.
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image.
However, the color that appears in your Image window may be
different. For example, on a monochrome screen the text will appear
black or white even if you choose the color red as the font color.
However, the image saved to a file with -write is
written with red lettering. To assure the correct color text in the
final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to
DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass
image to remain PseudoClass, use
-colors.
An image composite is created interactively. There is no
command line argument to composite an image. To begin,
choose Composite of the Image
Edit from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press x in the Image
window.
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an
image name. Press Composite, Grab
or type a file name. Press Cancel if you choose
not to create a composite image. When you choose
Grab, move the pointer to the desired window and
press any button.
If the Composite image does not have any matte
information, you are informed and the file browser is displayed
again. Enter the name of a mask image. The image is typically
grayscale and the same size as the composite image. If the image is
not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale and the resulting
intensities are used as matte information.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In composite mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
bumpmap
replace
Blend
Displace
Help
Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the
Command widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image
window is the image currently displayed on your X server and image
is the image obtained
over
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with
image obscuring image window in the region of
overlap.
in
The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window. None of the image data of image window is in
the result.
out
The resulting image is image with the shape of
image window cut out.
atop
The result is the same shape as image window, with
image obscuring image window where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of
image outside image window's shape does not appear in the
result.
xor
The result is the image data from both image and
image window that is outside the overlap region. The
overlap region is blank.
plus
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are
cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the
matte channels.
minus
The result of image - image window, with
underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to
255, full coverage).
add
The result of image + image window, with
overflow wrapping around (mod 256).
subtract
The result of image - image window, with
underflow wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators
can be used to perform reversible
transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - image window). This
is useful for comparing two very similar images.
bumpmap
The result of image window shaded by
window.
replace
The resulting image is image window replaced with
image. Here the matte information is
ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the
image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a
mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This
is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the
shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If
image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for
any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
See Matte Editing for a method of defining
a matte channel.
If you choose blend, the composite operator
becomes over. The image matte channel percent
transparency is initialized to factor. The image window is
initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value you specify
in the Dialog widget.
Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by
a displacement map. With this option, image is used as a
displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum
positive displacement. White is a maximum negative displacement and
middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the
pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the
horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
mask, image is the horizontal X displacement and
mask the vertical Y displacement.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for
colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor,
GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may
require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator
is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite your
image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you
identify your location.
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the
color that appears in image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen Image window will appear black or white even
though your composited image may have many colors. If the image is
saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To assure
the correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass
image is promoted to DirectClass (see
miff). To force a PseudoClass
image to remain PseudoClass, use
-colors.
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed
interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a pixel.
To begin, choose Color from the Image
Edit submenu of the Command
widget. Alternatively, press c in the
image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In color edit mode, the
Command widget has these options:
Method
point
replace
floodfill
reset
Pixel Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Border Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Fuzz
0
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
Undo
Help
Dismiss
Choose a color editing method from the Method
sub-menu of the Command widget. The
point method recolors any pixel selected with the
pointer unless the button is released. The replace
method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the
pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill
recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select
with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas
filltoborder changes the matte value of any
neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally
reset changes the entire image to the designated
color.
Next, choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color
sub-menu. Additional pixel colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the
X resources pen1 through pen9.
Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to
change its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed
by the method you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta
value.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be
helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to
button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from
within the Magnify widget. Move the pointer to the
Magnify widget and position the pixel with the
cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the
selected pixel (or pixels).
The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the
image. However, the color that appears in your Image window may be
different. For example, on a monochrome screen the pixel will
appear black or white even if you choose the color red as the pixel
color. However, the image saved to a file with -write is written
with red pixels. To assure the correct color text in the final
image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to
DirectClass To force a PseudoClass image to
remain PseudoClass, use
-colors.
Matte information within an image is useful for some operations
such as image compositing. This extra
channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a
cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255
(full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary.
Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively.
There is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and
choose Matte of the Image Edit
sub-menu from the Command widget.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Method
point
replace
floodfill
reset
Border Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Fuzz
0
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
Matte
Undo
Help
Dismiss
Choose a matte editing method from the Method
sub-menu of the Command widget. The
point method changes the matte value of the any
pixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The
replace method changes the matte value of any
pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
press. Floodfill changes the matte value of any
pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder
recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally
reset changes the entire image to the designated
matte value.
Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears
requesting a matte value. Enter a value between 0 and
255. This value is assigned as the matte value of the
selected pixel or pixels.
Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image window
to change its matte value. You can change the matte value of
additional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is
first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the
target color. Any pixels within the range also have their matte
value updated.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be
helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to
button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to change the matte
value from within the Magnify widget. Move the
pointer to the Magnify widget and position the
pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to
change the matte value of the selected pixel (or pixels).
Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image.
Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to
DirectClass. Note that matte information for
PseudoClass is not retained for colormapped X server
visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale,
PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image to a file
(refer to Write). Correct matte editing behavior may require a
TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard
Colormap.
An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no
command line argument to draw on an image. To begin,
choose Draw of the Image Edit
sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press d in the image
window.
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Primitive
point
line
rectangle
fill rectangle
circle
fill circle
ellipse
fill ellipse
polygon
fill polygon
Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
Stipple
Brick
Diagonal
Scales
Vertical
Wavy
Translucent
Opaque
Open...
Width
1
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
Undo
Help
Dismiss
Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive
sub-menu.
Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu.
Additional colors can be specified with the color browser. You can
change the menu colors by setting the X
resources pen1 through pen9. The transparent color updates the
image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab,
you can select the primitive color by moving the pointer to the
desired color on the screen and press any button. The transparent
color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image
compositing.
Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the
Stipple sub-menu. Additional stipples can be
specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from the file
browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.
Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the
Width sub-menu. To choose a specific width select
the Dialog widget.
Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold.
Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As you
move, a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When
you release the button, the image is updated with the primitive you
just drew. For polygons, the image is updated when you press and
release the button without moving the pointer.
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting
point of the line and release the button.
To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform
sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press R in the image
window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the
image window. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of
interest mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help
Dismiss
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The
region of interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that
expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are
satisfied with the region of interest, release the button. You are
now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command widget has these
options:
File
Save...
Print...
Edit
Undo
Redo
Transform
Flip
Flop
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Enhance
Hue...
Saturation...
Brightness...
Gamma...
Spiff
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
GRAYscale
Quantize...
Effects
Despeckle
Emboss
Reduce Noise
Add Noise
Sharpen...
Blur...
Threshold...
Edge Detect...
Spread...
Shade...
Raise...
Segment...
F/X
Solarize...
Swirl...
Implode...
Wave...
Oil Paint
Charcoal Draw...
Miscellany
Image Info
Zoom Image
Show Preview...
Show Histogram
Show Matte
Help
Dismiss
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the
pointer to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and
dragging. Finally, choose an image processing technique from the
Command widget. You can choose more than one image processing
technique to apply to an area. Alternatively, you can move the
region of interest before applying another image processing
technique. To exit, press Dismiss.
When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server
screen, display maps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the
panning icon shows the area that is currently displayed in the the
image window. To pan about the image, press any button and drag the
pointer within the panning icon. The pan rectangle moves with the
pointer and the image window is updated to reflect the location of
the rectangle within the panning icon. When you have selected the
area of the image you wish to view, release the button.
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or
right within the image window.
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than
the dimensions of the X server screen.
Preferences affect the default behavior of
display(1). The preferences are either true or
false and are stored in your home directory as
.displayrc:
display image centered on a backdrop
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is
useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image.
The color of the backdrop is specified as the background color.
Refer to X Resources for details.
confirm on program exit
Ask for a confirmation before exiting the
display(1) program.
correct image for display gamma
If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match
that of the X server (see the X ResourcedisplayGamma).
display warning messages
Display any warning messages.
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to
image
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of
several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe
contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this
preference.
use a shared colormap for colormapped X
visuals
This option only applies when the default X server visual is
PseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer to
-visual for more details. By default, a shared
colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X
clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your
image may look very different than intended. Otherwise the image
colors appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients
may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.
display images as an X server pixmap
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource
to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful
if your image exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you
intend to pan the image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than
with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them
with discretion.
Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen.
Many Unix systems keep this shell variable up to date, but it may
need to be explicitly exported in order for ImageMagick to see
it.
DISPLAY
X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form
hostname:display.screen).
HOME
Location of user's home directory. ImageMagick searches for
configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory exists. See
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH,
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is
needed.
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for image format coder
modules. This path allows the user to arbitrarily extend the image
formats supported by ImageMagick by adding loadable modules to an
arbitrary location rather than copying them into the ImageMagick
installation directory. The formatting of the search path is
similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for
Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
specified search path is used before trying the default search
path.
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk)
files. The formatting of the search path is similar to operating
system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path
is used before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_DEBUG
Debug options (see -debug for
details)
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for filter process modules
(invoked via -process). This path allows the user
to arbitrarily extend ImageMagick's image processing functionality
by adding loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather than
copying them into the ImageMagick installation directory. The
formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search
paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for
Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used before
trying the default search path.
MAGICK_FONT_PATH
Directory where ImageMagick should look for TrueType and
Postscript Type1 font files if the font file is not found in the
current directory. It is preferred to define the available fonts
via type.mgk rather than use
MAGICK_FONT_PATH.
MAGICK_HOME
Path to top of ImageMagick installation directory. Only
observed by "uninstalled" builds of ImageMagick which do not have
their location hard-coded or set by an installer.
MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT
Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel
cache.
MAGICK_FILES_LIMIT
Maximum number of open files.
MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT
Maximum size of a memory map.
MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT
Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the
heap.
MAGICK_TMPDIR
Path to directory where ImageMagick should write temporary
files. The default is to use the system default, or the location
set by TMPDIR.
TMPDIR
For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the
directory where all applications should write temporary files.
Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is
set.
TMP or
TEMP
For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where
applications should write temporary files. Overridden by
MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is
set.
The MIT X Consortium for making network
transparent graphics a reality.
Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway,
made hundreds of suggestions and bug reports. Without Peder,
ImageMagick would not be nearly as useful as it is
today.
Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson,
University of Utah. Image compositing is loosely
based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at
MIT, for the initial implementation of Alan Paeth's image
rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company, for providing a computing environment that made
this program possible.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences
Institute. The spatial subdivision color reduction
algorithm is based on his Img software.
Copyright (C) 1999-2004 ImageMagick Studio LLC.
Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software, see
http://www.imagemagick.org/www/Copyright.html
load an image from a
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