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Make
****

   The GNU `make' utility automatically determines which pieces of a
large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
recompile them.

   This edition of the `GNU Make Manual', last updated 04 April 2000,
documents GNU `make' Version 3.79.

   This manual describes `make' and contains the following chapters:

Overview: Overview of `make'.
Introduction: An introduction to `make'.
Makefiles: Makefiles tell `make' what to do.
Rules: Rules describe when a file must be remade.
Commands: Commands say how to remake a file.
Using Variables: You can use variables to avoid repetition.
Conditionals: Use or ignore parts of the makefile based
Functions: Many powerful ways to manipulate text.
Invoking make: Running. How to invoke `make' on the command line.
Implicit Rules: Use implicit rules to treat many files alike,
Archives: How `make' can update library archives.
Features: Features GNU `make' has over other `make's.
Missing: What GNU `make' lacks from other `make's.
Makefile Conventions: Conventions for makefiles in GNU programs.
Quick Reference: A quick reference for experienced users.
Error Messages: A list of common errors generated by `make'.
Complex Makefile: A real example of a straightforward,
Concept Index: Index of Concepts
Name Index: Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives

--- The Detailed Node Listing --- Overview of `make'

Preparing: Preparing and Running Make
Reading: On Reading this Text
Bugs: Problems and Bugs

An Introduction to Makefiles

Rule Introduction: What a rule looks like.
Simple Makefile: A Simple Makefile
How Make Works: How `make' Processes This Makefile
Variables Simplify: Variables Make Makefiles Simpler
make Deduces: Letting `make' Deduce the Commands
Combine By Prerequisite: Another Style of Makefile
Cleanup: Rules for Cleaning the Directory

Writing Makefiles

Makefile Contents: What makefiles contain.
Makefile Names: How to name your makefile.
Include: How one makefile can use another makefile.
MAKEFILES Variable: The environment can specify extra makefiles.
Remaking Makefiles: How makefiles get remade.
Overriding Makefiles: How to override part of one makefile
Reading Makefiles: How makefiles are parsed.

Writing Rules

Rule Example: An example explained.
Rule Syntax: General syntax explained.
Wildcards: Using wildcard characters such as `*'.
Directory Search: Searching other directories for source files.
Phony Targets: Using a target that is not a real file's name.
Force Targets: You can use a target without commands
Empty Targets: When only the date matters and the
Special Targets: Targets with special built-in meanings.
Multiple Targets: When to make use of several targets in a rule.
Multiple Rules: How to use several rules with the same target.
Static Pattern: Static pattern rules apply to multiple targets
Double-Colon: How to use a special kind of rule to allow
Automatic Prerequisites: How to automatically generate rules giving

Using Wildcard Characters in File Names

Wildcard Examples: Several examples
Wildcard Pitfall: Problems to avoid.
Wildcard Function: How to cause wildcard expansion where

Searching Directories for Prerequisites

General Search: Specifying a search path that applies
Selective Search: Specifying a search path
Search Algorithm: When and how search paths are applied.
Commands/Search: How to write shell commands that work together
Implicit/Search: How search paths affect implicit rules.
Libraries/Search: Directory search for link libraries.

Static Pattern Rules

Static Usage: The syntax of static pattern rules.
Static versus Implicit: When are they better than implicit rules?

Writing the Commands in Rules

Echoing: How to control when commands are echoed.
Execution: How commands are executed.
Parallel: How commands can be executed in parallel.
Errors: What happens after a command execution error.
Interrupts: What happens when a command is interrupted.
Recursion: Invoking `make' from makefiles.
Sequences: Defining canned sequences of commands.
Empty Commands: Defining useful, do-nothing commands.

Recursive Use of `make'

MAKE Variable: The special effects of using `$(MAKE)'.
Variables/Recursion: How to communicate variables to a sub-`make'.
Options/Recursion: How to communicate options to a sub-`make'.
-w Option: How the `-w' or `--print-directory' option

How to Use Variables

Reference: How to use the value of a variable.
Flavors: Variables come in two flavors.
Advanced: Advanced features for referencing a variable.
Values: All the ways variables get their values.
Setting: How to set a variable in the makefile.
Appending: How to append more text to the old value
Override Directive: How to set a variable in the makefile even if
Defining: An alternate way to set a variable
Environment: Variable values can come from the environment.
Automatic: Some special variables have predefined

Advanced Features for Reference to Variables

Substitution Refs: Referencing a variable with
Computed Names: Computing the name of the variable to refer to.

Conditional Parts of Makefiles

Conditional Example: Example of a conditional
Conditional Syntax: The syntax of conditionals.
Testing Flags: Conditionals that test flags.

Functions for Transforming Text

Syntax of Functions: How to write a function call.
Text Functions: General-purpose text manipulation functions.
File Name Functions: Functions for manipulating file names.
Foreach Function: Repeat some text with controlled variation.
Call Function: Expand a user-defined function.
Origin Function: Find where a variable got its value.
Shell Function: Substitute the output of a shell command.

How to Run `make'

Makefile Arguments: How to specify which makefile to use.
Goals: How to use goal arguments to specify which
Instead of Execution: How to use mode flags to specify what
Avoiding Compilation: How to avoid recompiling certain files.
Overriding: How to override a variable to specify
Testing: How to proceed past some errors, to
Options Summary: Summary of Options

Using Implicit Rules

Using Implicit: How to use an existing implicit rule
Catalogue of Rules: A list of built-in implicit rules.
Implicit Variables: How to change what predefined rules do.
Chained Rules: How to use a chain of implicit rules.
Pattern Rules: How to define new implicit rules.
Last Resort: How to defining commands for rules
Suffix Rules: The old-fashioned style of implicit rule.
Implicit Rule Search: The precise algorithm for applying

Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules

Pattern Intro: An introduction to pattern rules.
Pattern Examples: Examples of pattern rules.
Automatic: How to use automatic variables in the
Pattern Match: How patterns match.
Match-Anything Rules: Precautions you should take prior to
Canceling Rules: How to override or cancel built-in rules.

Using `make' to Update Archive Files

Archive Members: Archive members as targets.
Archive Update: The implicit rule for archive member targets.
Archive Pitfalls: Dangers to watch out for when using archives.
Archive Suffix Rules: You can write a special kind of suffix rule

Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets

Archive Symbols: How to update archive symbol directories.

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