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GNU text utilities
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   This manual documents version 2.0 of the GNU text utilities.

Introduction

Caveats, overview, and authors.

Common options

Common options.

Output of entire files

cat tac nl od

Formatting file contents

fmt pr fold

Output of parts of files

head tail split csplit

Summarizing files

wc sum cksum md5sum

Operating on sorted files

sort uniq comm ptx tsort

Operating on fields within a line

cut paste join

Operating on characters

tr expand unexpand

Opening the software toolbox

The software tools philosophy.

Index

General index.

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Output of entire files

cat invocation

Concatenate and write files.

tac invocation

Concatenate and write files in reverse.

nl invocation

Number lines and write files.

od invocation

Write files in octal or other formats.

Formatting file contents

fmt invocation

Reformat paragraph text.

pr invocation

Paginate or columnate files for printing.

fold invocation

Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.

Output of parts of files

head invocation

Output the first part of files.

tail invocation

Output the last part of files.

split invocation

Split a file into fixed-size pieces.

csplit invocation

Split a file into context-determined pieces.

Summarizing files

wc invocation

Print byte, word, and line counts.

sum invocation

Print checksum and block counts.

cksum invocation

Print CRC checksum and byte counts.

md5sum invocation

Print or check message-digests.

Operating on sorted files

sort invocation

Sort text files.

uniq invocation

Uniquify files.

comm invocation

Compare two sorted files line by line.

ptx invocation

Produce a permuted index of file contents.

tsort invocation

Topological sort.

`ptx': Produce permuted indexes

General options in ptx

Options which affect general program behavior.

Charset selection in ptx

Underlying character set considerations.

Input processing in ptx

Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection.

Output formatting in ptx

Types of output format, and sizing the fields.

Compatibility in ptx

The GNU extensions to `ptx'

Operating on fields within a line

cut invocation

Print selected parts of lines.

paste invocation

Merge lines of files.

join invocation

Join lines on a common field.

Operating on characters

tr invocation

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.

expand invocation

Convert tabs to spaces.

unexpand invocation

Convert spaces to tabs.

`tr': Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

Character sets

Specifying sets of characters.

Translating

Changing one characters to another.

Squeezing

Squeezing repeats and deleting.

Warnings in tr

Warning messages.

Opening the software toolbox

Toolbox introduction

Toolbox introduction

I/O redirection

I/O redirection

The who command

The `who' command

The cut command

The `cut' command

The sort command

The `sort' command

The uniq command

The `uniq' command

Putting the tools together

Putting the tools together