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Table of Contents

1. Overview

1.1 Structure of this Manual
1.2 The GNU Assembler
1.3 Object File Formats
1.4 Command Line
1.5 Input Files
1.6 Output (Object) File
1.7 Error and Warning Messages

2. Command-Line Options

2.1 Enable Listings: -a[cdhlns]
2.2 -D
2.3 Work Faster: -f
2.4 .include search path: -I path
2.5 Difference Tables: -K
2.6 Include Local Labels: -L
2.7 Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
2.8 Dependency tracking: --MD
2.9 Name the Object File: -o
2.10 Join Data and Text Sections: -R
2.11 Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
2.12 Compatible output: --traditional-format
2.13 Announce Version: -v
2.14 Suppress Warnings: -W
2.15 Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z

3. Syntax

3.1 Preprocessing
3.2 Whitespace
3.3 Comments
3.4 Symbols
3.5 Statements
3.6 Constants

3.6.1 Character Constants

3.6.1.1 Strings
3.6.1.2 Characters

3.6.2 Number Constants

3.6.2.1 Integers
3.6.2.2 Bignums
3.6.2.3 Flonums

4. Sections and Relocation

4.1 Background
4.2 Linker Sections
4.3 Assembler Internal Sections
4.4 Sub-Sections
4.5 bss Section

5. Symbols

5.1 Labels
5.2 Giving Symbols Other Values
5.3 Symbol Names
5.4 The Special Dot Symbol
5.5 Symbol Attributes

5.5.1 Value
5.5.2 Type
5.5.3 Symbol Attributes: a.out

5.5.3.1 Descriptor
5.5.3.2 Other

5.5.4 Symbol Attributes for COFF

5.5.4.1 Primary Attributes
5.5.4.2 Auxiliary Attributes

5.5.5 Symbol Attributes for SOM

6. Expressions

6.1 Empty Expressions
6.2 Integer Expressions

6.2.1 Arguments
6.2.2 Operators
6.2.3 Prefix Operator
6.2.4 Infix Operators

7. Assembler Directives

7.1 .abort
7.2 .ABORT
7.3 .align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.4 .app-file string
7.5 .ascii "string"...
7.6 .asciz "string"...
7.7 .balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.8 .byte expressions
7.9 .comm symbol , length
7.10 .data subsection
7.11 .def name
7.12 .desc symbol, abs-expression
7.13 .dim
7.14 .double flonums
7.15 .eject
7.16 .else
7.17 .endef
7.18 .endif
7.19 .equ symbol, expression
7.20 .equiv symbol, expression
7.21 .err
7.22 .extern
7.23 .file string
7.24 .fill repeat , size , value
7.25 .float flonums
7.26 .global symbol, .globl symbol
7.27 .hword expressions
7.28 .ident
7.29 .if absolute expression
7.30 .include "file"
7.31 .int expressions
7.32 .irp symbol,values...
7.33 .irpc symbol,values...
7.34 .lcomm symbol , length
7.35 .lflags
7.36 .line line-number
7.37 .linkonce [type]
7.38 .ln line-number
7.39 .mri val
7.40 .list
7.41 .long expressions
7.42 .macro
7.43 .nolist
7.44 .octa bignums
7.45 .org new-lc , fill
7.46 .p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
7.47 .psize lines , columns
7.48 .quad bignums
7.49 .rept count
7.50 .sbttl "subheading"
7.51 .scl class
7.52 .section name
7.53 .set symbol, expression
7.54 .short expressions
7.55 .single flonums
7.56 .size
7.57 .sleb128 expressions
7.58 .skip size , fill
7.59 .space size , fill
7.60 .stabd, .stabn, .stabs
7.61 .string "str"
7.62 .symver
7.63 .tag structname
7.64 .text subsection
7.65 .title "heading"
7.66 .type int
7.67 .val addr
7.68 .uleb128 expressions
7.69 .word expressions
7.70 Deprecated Directives

8. Machine Dependent Features

8.1 ARC Dependent Features

8.1.1 Options
8.1.2 Floating Point
8.1.3 ARC Machine Directives

8.2 AMD 29K Dependent Features

8.2.1 Options
8.2.2 Syntax

8.2.2.1 Macros
8.2.2.2 Special Characters
8.2.2.3 Register Names

8.2.3 Floating Point
8.2.4 AMD 29K Machine Directives
8.2.5 Opcodes

8.3 ARM Dependent Features

8.3.1 Options
8.3.2 Syntax

8.3.2.1 Special Characters
8.3.2.2 Register Names

8.3.3 Floating Point
8.3.4 ARM Machine Directives
8.3.5 Opcodes

8.4 D10V Dependent Features

8.4.1 D10V Options
8.4.2 Syntax

8.4.2.1 Size Modifiers
8.4.2.2 Sub-Instructions
8.4.2.3 Special Characters
8.4.2.4 Register Names
8.4.2.5 Addressing Modes
8.4.2.6 @WORD Modifier

8.4.3 Floating Point
8.4.4 Opcodes

8.5 H8/300 Dependent Features

8.5.1 Options
8.5.2 Syntax

8.5.2.1 Special Characters
8.5.2.2 Register Names
8.5.2.3 Addressing Modes

8.5.3 Floating Point
8.5.4 H8/300 Machine Directives
8.5.5 Opcodes

8.6 H8/500 Dependent Features

8.6.1 Options
8.6.2 Syntax

8.6.2.1 Special Characters
8.6.2.2 Register Names
8.6.2.3 Addressing Modes

8.6.3 Floating Point
8.6.4 H8/500 Machine Directives
8.6.5 Opcodes

8.7 HPPA Dependent Features

8.7.1 Notes
8.7.2 Options
8.7.3 Syntax
8.7.4 Floating Point
8.7.5 HPPA Assembler Directives
8.7.6 Opcodes

8.8 80386 Dependent Features

8.8.1 Options
8.8.2 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
8.8.3 Opcode Naming
8.8.4 Register Naming
8.8.5 Opcode Prefixes
8.8.6 Memory References
8.8.7 Handling of Jump Instructions
8.8.8 Floating Point
8.8.9 Writing 16-bit Code
8.8.10 Notes

8.9 Intel 80960 Dependent Features

8.9.1 i960 Command-line Options
8.9.2 Floating Point
8.9.3 i960 Machine Directives
8.9.4 i960 Opcodes

8.9.4.1 callj
8.9.4.2 Compare-and-Branch

8.10 M680x0 Dependent Features

8.10.1 M680x0 Options
8.10.2 Syntax
8.10.3 Motorola Syntax
8.10.4 Floating Point
8.10.5 680x0 Machine Directives
8.10.6 Opcodes

8.10.6.1 Branch Improvement
8.10.6.2 Special Characters

8.11 MIPS Dependent Features

8.11.1 Assembler options
8.11.2 MIPS ECOFF object code
8.11.3 Directives for debugging information
8.11.4 Directives to override the ISA level
8.11.5 Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
8.11.6 Directive to mark data as an instruction
8.11.7 Directives to save and restore options

8.12 Hitachi SH Dependent Features

8.12.1 Options
8.12.2 Syntax

8.12.2.1 Special Characters
8.12.2.2 Register Names
8.12.2.3 Addressing Modes

8.12.3 Floating Point
8.12.4 SH Machine Directives
8.12.5 Opcodes

8.13 SPARC Dependent Features

8.13.1 Options
8.13.2 Enforcing aligned data
8.13.3 Floating Point
8.13.4 Sparc Machine Directives

8.14 Z8000 Dependent Features

8.14.1 Options
8.14.2 Syntax

8.14.2.1 Special Characters
8.14.2.2 Register Names
8.14.2.3 Addressing Modes

8.14.3 Assembler Directives for the Z8000
8.14.4 Opcodes

8.15 VAX Dependent Features

8.15.1 VAX Command-Line Options
8.15.2 VAX Floating Point
8.15.3 Vax Machine Directives
8.15.4 VAX Opcodes
8.15.5 VAX Branch Improvement
8.15.6 VAX Operands
8.15.7 Not Supported on VAX

8.16 v850 Dependent Features

8.16.1 Options
8.16.2 Syntax

8.16.2.1 Special Characters
8.16.2.2 Register Names

8.16.3 Floating Point
8.16.4 V850 Machine Directives
8.16.5 Opcodes

9. Reporting Bugs

9.1 Have you found a bug?
9.2 How to report bugs

10. Acknowledgements
Index